Socioeconomic Status Affects Development During All Stages...

Socioeconomic status affects development during all stages, but the infancy stage is affected dramatically because the effects on health and wellbeing are at a crucial stage of life that affects an individual throughout life. Infants born into higher socioeconomic status’ needs are met more adequately than those of its counterpart infants of the low socioeconomic status. Infants needs being unmet due to lack of resources have been linked to growth restrictions, as well as failure to thrive. According to (Mcloyd,1998) â€Å"Lower IQs, higher rates of perinatal complications, increased exposure to lead are all factors that are linked to poverty in children’s development.† A family’s ability to provide is a huge factor in the growth of an infant. When those basic needs are stunted the infant isn’t allotted the full amount of resources hindering growth. Low-income families are at an elevated risk to not have adequate health insurance findings show that children are at a higher risk for illness. Elevated neonatal mortality, risk for abuse and neglect, asthma are all aspects of the correlation found in range tests Aber et al 1997. These are all biology of a growing child, the ability to thrive to grow and develop adequately. Consensus that there is a correlation between poverty and poor health in children, was found in each article, the guidelines for the united states representing what is seen as in poverty is the same as it was i. (Aber et al 1960), which doesn’t give a cleanShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Stress From Socioeconomic Status And Postsecondary Educational Attainment1083 Words   |  5 Pages the effects of stress from socioeconomic status and postsecondary educational attainment. SAWAT PHANTHAVADY A Child cannot choose the life their born into. For some this means a life of poverty and uncertainty. This group is classified as having a low Socioeconomic Status (SES). Children are the once affected the most in this in this category. They are faced with negative caregivers, malnutrition, toxic environment and stress causing their brain structureRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On The Development Of An Individual1659 Words   |  7 Pagestwo surrounded the topic of family influence on the development of an individual. All of the research studies revolved around how external sources effected the development of a person. Each study focused on a different age and aspect of an individual’s surroundings. Article one â€Å"Infant Development Outcomes: A Family Systems Perspective† focused on the early stages of infancy; birth to seventeen months, and the effects of the individual mental status of each parent and the relationship of the parentsRead MorePrevention And Co ntrol Of Communicable Diseases Essay1039 Words   |  5 PagesInfections disease prevention and control and communicable and infectious disease risks are important topics that every student nurse should be exposed to during the nursing program. The impact and threats that these infectious diseases cause an effect on society and global level should be studied. Also, the economic principles to nursing and health care that public health contributes to. Because improvements in nutrition and sanitation have been made, many epidemics have ended. As longevity ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Low Self Esteem On Adulthood Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesmarital status of the parents. Boys esteem was lower than girls, citing that boys without fathers in the home tended to have no one to look up to (Mandara Murray, 2000, p. 485). Also, boys had the tendency to sight their family functions as more negative when the marital status of parents was single. Income had a significant effect on the self-esteem of adolescents as well. The higher the income of the home the higher the self-esteem of the adolescent. Families that had a higher income status tendedRead MoreThe Laws Regarding Corporal Punishment1704 Words   |  7 Pagespunishment in many countries, the developmental theories such as the behavioral cognitive, and sociocultural in the context of corporal punishment as well as the harmful effects of corporal punishment on the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of children in early childhood which ranges from two to six years of age. In many countries such as China, corporal punishment represents an acceptable and necessary action to discipline children. However, in other nations such as AustriaRead MoreMaternal Role : Becoming A Mother1743 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess of a mother and her new infant and the role they take on as a caregiver. (p.284) Use of this theory, the nurse, has insight of the phases the mother goes through pre, during, and postpartum. It also continues into the bond of a mother and child throughout the first year, their social supports and community factors that affect this relationship. Background Ramona T Mercer, born 1929, received a nursing diploma from Margaret’s School of Nursing in Montgomery, Alabama. (p.284) She later obtainedRead MoreStudent s Performance As Cause Effect Phenomen A Multilevel Approach1245 Words   |  5 PagesStudent’s Performance as Cause-Effect Phenomena: A Multilevel Approach Introduction: Education plays a vital role in the human and country development at all stages. There are key determinants that affect the education level which ultimately translate into human and country s development. Quality education ensures the achievement of knowledge and required skills that enable individuals to enhance the productivity and improve their living standard and access to basic needs. ThisRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Determinants Of Health1441 Words   |  6 Pagespercent chance of dying from CVD before the age of 65 versus 17 percent in the overall US population (Lifestages.org, 2017). Additionally, diabetes a risk factor for the development of CVD is more prevalent in Blacks, Hispanics, and Native American populations. Another host characteristic on the development of CVD is marital status. Studies have shown that people who are married have lower rates of several CVD diseases when compared with individuals who are single, divorced, or widowed (Casteel, 2014)Read MoreEssay on Diversity and Multicultural Education in the Classroom1561 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There are many factors that play a role in the learning process for every human being. Race, religion, language, socioeconomics, gender, family structure, and disabilities can all affect the ways in which we learn. Educators must take special measures in the delivery of classroom instruction to celebrate the learning and cultural differences of each of their students. As communities and schools continue to grow in diversity, teachers are searching for effective educational programsRead MoreCervical Cancer : A Tumor Of The Cervix1740 Words   |  7 Pagespapillomavirus (HPV)† Other factors associated with the development of cervical cancer include things such as the early start of periods, pregnancy as a teenager, having more than a few sexual partners or a sexual partner who has had several sexual partners, smoking and infection with a sexually transmitted disease (STD) at any time. â€Å"Most sexually active women will come into contact with at least one type of HPV during their lifetime.† The cervix is probably more at risk

Christian Meditation By Edmund P. Clowney - 942 Words

Christian Meditation by Edmund P. Clowney - 2002 (page 19) Meditation is spoken of most often in the poetry and wisdom saying of the old testament. Psalms and Proverbs not only speak of meditation, they are written meditations. If psalm 119 is read as though it were lyrical or epic poetry, the reader is sure to be disappointed. For every letter of the Hebrew alphabet, the psalmist has written eight verses beginning with the letter. the letters change, bu the subject remains the same! with seemingly monotonous insistence the psalmist keeps praising the law of the lord. The key to understanding the psalm is to enter into the kind of meditation that produced it. The pattern of the psalm is similar to the method that has been called †¦show more content†¦Because God is the source of all wisdom, man looks in vain for wisdom apart from him. Job describes man s search for understanding as a mining expedition. He may dig out rubies, sapphires, and gold, but no mine will yield the ore of wisdom (Job 28). No, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom (v.28). This text is often repeated in the wisdom literature (Prov. 1:7; 9:10; 15:33;Ps.111:10). God who possesses all wisdom, can alone give wisdom to men. But if any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God who giveth to all liberally and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him (James 1:5). God s wisdom is revealed in what he has done and continues to do in the world. The heavens declare the glory of God (Ps. 19:1). The Psalms continually celebrate God s power and wisdom in bringing the world into being and directing its season: summer and winter, seedtime, and harvest (e.g. Ps 33). The same Psalms go on to rejoice in Gods wisdom in directing the course of human history. The plans of the nations are brought to nothing, but the counsel of the Lord standeth fast for ever, the thoughts of his heart to all generations (Ps. 33:11). But above all, the wisdom of God appears in his work of redemption. God promises the salvation of his people, and God s mighty acts accomplished that salvation. (page 21) Apostle Paul, ministering to those Gentiles in the fulfillment of God s plan, O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the

Social Work Great Attention Regarding Sexual Abuses

Question: Write an essay about the child abuses and violence. Answer: Introduction: Over many decade there has been a great attention regarding sexual abuses of children particularly in the educational sector which includes school. It has dramatically increased in ration as reported by the Child protection service and by the Police. School and other educational sector has been a great deal of attraction for sexual abuse of children. As they are not given proper protection for these matters and are abused by their teachers and seniors in the school. Professionals associated with the work of the children are likely to be in contact with the sexually abused children. Sexual abuse is very common among the children especially among the adolescents as well as adult males. The antisocial activities or the psychopathic trait are quite often seen in the school where the victims are mainly the children. In school it is quite often seen that the sexual involvements of a staff person with the regardless of age is likely to be prohibited by the rules and regulations of the schoo l and also by laws. It has been estimated that child abuse has increased in large number that is in female 19.7% and male 7.9%. Most of the offenders are acquainted with the childs sexual abuse met out of whom 30% are the teachers or office staffs in the school. (Pipe et al. 2013). Consequences: Sexual activity is quite common among the children and especially among the adolescents and is thus rarely harmful. It is quite abusive when there is a significant gap between 3-5 years, and when it deals with violence, aggression or due to undue pressure. Child sexual abuse is defined under the law as age consent usually 16 years. Child sexual abuse occurs predominantly in domestic setting. A smaller but significant incident which occurs basically in organizational; setting called school. This affects the society in various ways as children are regarded as the future of the society so the effects are completely on the society. Children are abused by different ways through the stages of grooming offender. Due to this reason the effect is totally on their mental condition, education, and physical behavior. There are various ways by which the children are being affected sexually. Not only the children are abused sexually but also they are the victims of domestic violence. In a report p resented by an Australian journal it is stated that the children and young people are the victims of domestic violence as the children are affected by the violence in order to protect their mother. According the record of the Victorian police Children are highly exposed to domestic violence through the means of protecting their mother who is very often victimized in the household field by violence and harsh behavior or through the means of abusing themselves directly. In the household problem children are often placed where there is abuse to their mother. It has been found that 38.3% of the women who experience domestic violence are said to be facing it along with their children. Previously also the women of 45.8% who used to face the domestic violence had to face it along with the children. By domestic violence data collected by the police on the Victorian family has stated that more than 45% of the violence was faced by the children. It has also been suggested that almost more tha n the rate of the women children in the family faces domestic violence. They are not affected directly, but they are the witnesses who are involved in the episode of the violence. In a publication made named National Crime Prevention, Young Australian and Domestic Violence (2001) that young people who are aged between 12-20 years in Australia are the witness of physical domestic violence which is against their mother or stepmother. It has also been clarified that female and male facing parental violence are rated as 14% and also for others who are residing with both biological parents, but in case if they are staying with their mother and her partner then it is 41%. Children are mostly victims of domestic violence when they are in the flow of protecting their (Mrazek and Kempe, 2014). Effect on educational centre: As the children are being abused sexually in all sectors, educational sector that means the school and colleges are the main place where they are affected the most. The teachers and the seniors harass the juniors sexually and thus there is a effect on their educational part as well as on their health. They remain absent due to these fears and as a result dont receives proper education and their health which includes fondling of breast, genitalia, and various other infections. Not only this as many children faces violence in their home so they are not been able to meet up with the proper environment of studies in their home as a result they remain uneducated. Majority of the children are lacking in this consequences to that of the others and girls suffer from many diseases and their health are also effected due to this reason. (Middleton et al. 2014). Myths and facts regarding the sexual abuse of the child: Children are very fantasies and Tells lies about the sexual abuses. Children very rarely lie about sexual abuses, in a study, it is shown that in 94% cases an independent investigation shows that children are quite reluctant about sexual abuses and describes fully what has happened to them. There is always a danger from the stranger. It's quite often seen that the children are warned in order not to talk to the strangers as it will protect them from abuse. Though against this conception, it has been proved that the children are mostly abused sexually by the person whom they know. In an Australian there was a comparison made regarding this fact, and it is seen that more than 26% of the students are sexually abused by the strangers where as 74% are abused by the person they know. Thus, it can be stated that strangers don't provide adequate information in which they understand and gains behavior from adults who are trusted and then feel uncomfortable. It also increases the vulnerability of children who are abused sexually by the family members. The person who is the perpetrator is a dirty old man' who is a drunk, insane or a sick. In research, it was suggested that those who perpetrators are quite young, males who are heterosexual and belongs from the background of socio-economic. Most of them are different from other man and belongs from the same community. There is few percentage of perpetrators who are suffering recognized mental illness. There are several studies done in this regard, and it is proved there is a quite link between the child sexual abuse and uses of drugs and alcohol. There is no effect of drugs on child sexual abuses of a child, but there is a distinctive effect of it allows it to act upon. Drugs and alcohols are responsible for the changes in the behavior of the perpetrators. Adolescent males those who abuses children sexually and also continues it the adulthood and it happens because they are not treated properly. Sexual abuses of the child are harmless to children. Children who are abused sexually face many kinds of problems which include depression of aggressive behavior, economic and social problems. Adults who face such depression had to face many problems regarding relationship status as well as sexual problems. Trauma in the children is caused due to intervention from outside especially who are sexually abused. Concerned about the unplanned or uninformed intervention in the life of childrens life are considered as valid and is also concerned about the children who are being involved in the legal system. It cannot be granted as an excuse from the adult to protect the child from getting further sexually abused. If the adults don't take up any initiative then to stop child abuses, then it will be in a continuous process, and the child will experience it for life long. Seductive children make certain provocations on men to abuse them. This myth takes on the responsibility to carry away the abuse from the adult and places it to the child. This myth doesn't at all recognize that this kind of behavior on the child is learned from the adult itself in the case related to abusing children sexually. Mothers are granted as responsible for the sexual abuse in the families. This myth also removes responsibility from that of the perpetrator. Mothers are held responsible for the abuse of the children done in the family as they fail to protect their children as the mother fails in both maternal and marital roles. These kinds of explanation hold on the argument that one person is the responsible alternative to the behavior of the other person. Example (mother is held responsible for the behavior of the father). Thus the education of the children is decorating in large amount. As per the consideration of the myth, it is stated that mothers always have the emotional powers and materials to control or alter the behavior of the father. In each and every step predators are held responsible always for the abuses. The behavior and the knowledge of the mother are never granted as an excuse to the abusers behavior (Cashmore and Shackel 2013). Effects of the abuse of child sexually: Especially the effect is from the school or the educational sector. There is quite a harsh effect of abusing child's sexually which includes the behavior, emotion, and physic of the child. The effects are not only on the child but its effects the family and community of the individuals. Basics effects of sexual abuses of the child include there are various medical problems which include physical injuries, diseases which are transmitted, pregnancy. There many problems regarding behavior which includes nightmares, aggression, phobias, delinquencies, disorders regarding sleeping and eating. Problems attached to emotions such as shame, fear, anxiety, guilt, anger, etc. problems in schools as well as truancy. There are also some other effects which generate from the sexual abuse of child such as prostitution, problems in marital life, promiscuity, isolation, problems regarding depression, dysfunction of sexual organs, abuses of alcohol and drugs, discomfort and problems faced regarding intimate relationships (Ellis and Thiara 2014). Safety: There are many necessary steps taken to save the children against sexual abuses which explain that children will disclose the matters of abuse directly or through the means of their behavior with the help of their indication and sings. It can be a distressing experience to discover that the child had been abused sexually. A maximum number of people feels the emotional range which includes shock, anger, sadness, helplessness, sadness, disgust, etc. the must be a calm and cool behavior towards the child to find out his feeling otherwise he will never disclose the secrets. The feelings of the child for themselves can be influenced by their reaction to their abuses. If the child responses horridly then it can be taken into consideration that reinforces and perpetuate about the child's feelings regarding shame and guilt. In case if the child can disclose all abuses then the child should be replied that his story is believed, the things happened was not due to his fault, as the children ar e threatened by the abuser so they must be assured they are doing right by informing about it, have to make the child believe that the things are wrong as done by the abusers (Yang et al. 2013). Human service department plays a vital role in protecting the child against the sexual abuse when their parents are unwilling or unable to do it. Educational centers must be given proper securities in order to protect the child from being sexually abused and face any such violence. Practitioner associated with child protection provides advice to those people who are concerned for child welfare. They gather and accept the reports based on child welfare and carry on a protective and reasonable form of investigation. They even take actions to the court to protect the children till the age of 18 years. They even take care of the child who is basically under the guardianship or in the secretary's custody. Legalities: Sexual abuses to a child are regarded as criminal offenses whenever the department of human services receives information based on child abuse they inform the police and a decision is taken whether to conduct a joint operation or not. During the investigation stage, the Department determines the action to be taken by the police and the police decide the charges to be laid against the perpetrator. As the teachers in the educational centers are held liable for this so necessary action must be taken against them by the legal system. Police play a very primary role to investigate the offense against sexual abuse of the child and the grounds on which the charges can be brought against the offender. If in case the matter is of presumption then SOCI will have the consult and then establish whether to conduct a criminal investigation. This investigation will be done for the good faith of the child and will also count the needs of the child which will include medical, treatment and counseling. SOCITM also provides services of the consultant to the victim and his family as well as the kind of investigation to be followed (Furniss 2013). Conclusion: Child abuses and violence are serious issues in the whole world in today's decade. But its quite shameful that they are being effected in the educational centers. The life of many children had spoiled due to this reason. Thus to stop child abuses and violence many steps are being taken by the government. So there are many laws as well as safety measures being taken to stop the violence against children as well as sexually abusing them (Siegel and Welsh 2014). Reference list: Cashmore, J. and Shackel, R., 2013. The long-term effects of child sexual abuse. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Ellis, J. and Thiara, R.K. eds., 2014. Preventing violence against women and girls: Educational work with children and young people. Policy Press. Furniss, T., 2013. The multiprofessional handbook of child sexual abuse: Integrated management, therapy, and legal intervention. Routledge. Middleton, W., Stavropoulos, P., Dorahy, M.J., Krger, C., Lewis-Fernndez, R., Martnez-Taboas, A., Sar, V. and Brand, B., 2014. The Australian Royal Commission into institutional responses to child sexual abuse. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 48(1), pp.17-21. Mrazek, P.B. and Kempe, C.H. eds., 2014. Sexually Abused Children Their Families. Elsevier. Pipe, M.E., Lamb, M.E., Orbach, Y. and Cederborg, A.C. eds., 2013. Child sexual abuse: Disclosure, delay, and denial. Psychology Press. Siegel, L. and Welsh, B., 2014. Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice, and law. Cengage Learning. Yang, B.Z., Zhang, H., Ge, W., Weder, N., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Perepletchikova, F., Gelernter, J. and Kaufman, J., 2013. Child abuse and epigenetic mechanisms of disease risk. American journal of preventive medicine, 44(2), pp.101-107.

Practical Introduction Australian Tax Law â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Practical Introduction Australian Tax Law? Answer: Introducation Accrued Wages: Accrued wages should be viewed as the expense which is incurred in the form of either on regular basis or on the periodically basis. In the present context it can be stated that accrued wages is an expense that can be regarded as the allowable deductions in compliance with section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 (Coleman Sadiq, 2013). Advertisement: Expenses on advertisement can be viewed as the allowable expenses that is incurred for business in the nature of outgoing that successfully meets the criteria of the positive limb in respect of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 (Harris et al., 2014). Depreciation: Depreciation can be considered as the outgoing that is incurred in respect of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. A deductions can be claimed by an individual till the extent it is related to work purpose. Interest: An individual tax payer paying interest on loan will be treated as the allowable deductions for expenditure in respect of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. The reason for considering the interest as the deductions because it meets the criteria for positive limbs under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 (Kenny, 2013). Insurance on plant and equipment: An individual taxpayer can claim allowable deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 for the expenses incurred on Insurance on plant and equipment because such expenses are incurred under the positive parts of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 Lease Payments: Lease payments are treated as the business operating expenditure that is incurred by the taxpayer for the regular business functions. Hence, it can be stated that lease expenditure is regarded as the expenditure that are positively incurred in respect of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 (Kenny et al., 2017). The taxpayer on gaining taxable income of the business generally incurs such expenses. Provision for long service leave: An individual taxpayer in respect of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 can bring forward the claim of claiming allowable deductions relating to the provision for long service leave. In fact, provision for long service is treated as the expenses that is incurred under the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 with the objective of producing taxable income of the business. Repairs: An individual taxpayer can claim for allowable deductions under section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 for the cost that is incurred on the repairs of tools and equipment (Keyzer et al., 2014). The taxpayer is entitled to claim deductions only to the extent that such tools and equipments are related in the production the business income. Therefore, expenses on repairs fulfils the positive limbs of section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. Staff training: An individual taxpayer can claim allowable deductions in respect of section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 for the expenses that are incurred in the process of staff training given that the training is directly related for the revenue producing capacities of the employee and meets the positive criteria of the section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. Taxation expenses: An individual taxpayer incurring expenditure related to taxation expenses can claim allowable deductions in respect of section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997 because it is associated with the business expenditure which is incurred in compliance of the positive limbs of section 8-1 of the ITAA 1997. It is disallowed from being considered as the balancing adjustment events in respect of the section 40-295. In respect of the section 40-295 it is disallowed from being considered as the balancing adjustment events (Krever, 2013). Even though there has been a change in the ownership of the asset from completely business use of the asset to private use however it is not put into the use for gaining assessable income. By starting to use the asset for deriving taxable income, which was previously held with the objective of trading stock, would not be treated as the balancing adjustment events. In respect of the section 40-295, a balancing adjustment takes only when the asset is taken into the considerations for trading stock. In respect of such circumstances it will be treated in the form of balancing adjustment because the commercial firm has the interest in the asset with the objective of deriving income in spite of the change (Morgan et al., 2013). As a result of this, it is treated as the balancing adjustment event in respect of the section 40-295. As evident in the current situation, a balancing adjustment has taken place in respect of the section 40-295 because the car was in the previous instances put into use for business activities with the interest of the ownership still prevailing after the change (Nethercott et al., 2015). Hence, it will be treated as the balancing adjustment event in regard to the section 40-295. In accordance with the taxation ruling of TR 94/D20 it can be stated that the sum received as the compensation from personal injury would be treated as the taxable income in respect of the Subsection 25 (1) of the ITAA 1936 (Woellner, 2013). In the present context, the amount that is received by Yen would be treated as the weekly basis payment and it will be accounted as the taxable income as salary which will be attracting tax liability. As evident from the current situation, it can be stated that Yen had received a compensation for the loss of finger. The sum that is received as the compensation due to the physical loss would be treated as personal injury. In compliance with the Subsection 25 (1) of the ITAA 1936 amount that is received as the compensation is associated with the personal injury and does not attracts tax liability. In other words, it is a tax free component and Yen is not required to pay tax on such receipt. In the present context, the amount of ambulance that is received by Yen is treated as the fringe benefit and therefore he is required to include the amount in the taxable income. The amount that is received under the Social security disability support pension must be observed in the form of income. These kinds of income are generally treated as the taxable income and it should be included in the year it is received. In respect of Section 25 (1) of the ITAA disability support payment is observed as income and attracts tax liability (Woellner et al., 2014). In the present situation, the amount of disability support payment can be treated as income since it represents as the lost income at the time of injury. As stated under Subsection 25 (1) these amounts should be included at the time of filing return. Reference List: Coleman, C., Sadiq, K.Principles of taxation law 2013. Harris, J., Graw, S., Gilders, F., Kenny, P., Van der Waarden, N.2014 Theory and law in the regulation of business. Kenny, P. (2013).Australian tax 2013. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Kenny, P., Blissenden, M., Villios, S.Australian tax 2017. Keyzer, P., Goff, C., Fisher, A.Principles of Australian constitutional law. 2014 Chatswood: LexisNexis Butterworths. Krever, R. (2013).Australian taxation law cases 2013. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Thomson Reuters. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C., Pinto, D. (2013).A practical introduction to Australian taxation law. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Nethercott, L., Devos, K., Gonzaga, L. 2015 Australian taxation study manual. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D.Australian taxation law 2014.

Tracing the Americas History

Since the beginning of the nation on the shores of Virginia, has remained highly diverse I terms of race and ethnicity. Recent statistics have indicated how more than a third of Americans are unable to trace their specific origin, making America to stand at the verge of being dominated by pre-conceived minorities in the next few years. This is evidenced by the predominance of racial diversity in the major cities like New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles among others in America.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tracing the America’s History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This prevalent racial diversity arouses the fundamental question about America’s cultural historical identity. Perhaps, it is not possible to tell the story of the United States without considering racial and ethnic lens. According to Takaki (7), the significance or racial diversity in America’s history remains remarkable with respect to the prevalent demographic trends in the country. This paper analyses the role of immigration and laws based on ethnicity to describe America’s historical pathway. As it has been revealed, much of what is known in America’s cultural setting has ethnic perspective. It is important to note that, some outstanding figures like Martin Luther and Ah Bing among others are not Native Americans, yet their contribution in shaping the nation remains remarkable (Takaki 19). More so, president Barrack Obama’s origin is traced in Africa, yet his superiority in the nation is inarguable. Despite being the central minority all through the nation’s history, African Americans are currently becoming majorities in many academic institutions in US today. This is an indication that, America is taking new shape as a result of its diverse ethnic background in its historical development. It thus goes without saying that, historical immigrations in America are of gr eat significance in telling the history of the United States. With reference to Takaki (8), massive migrations from various parts of the world to America have largely been focused by historians to explain the prevalent American culture. For instance, artisan manual workers of Philadelphia and the Irish immigrants are described as historians as key elements in the revolution of various artistic works in America. Basically, studying each ethnic group in America separately reveals one or more aspects of the entire American culture at large. It is the integration of these diverse cultural values and practices that have shaped the prevalent American culture today. In the historical make-up, the nationality of Americans can be attributed to the various ethnic groups that migrated into the country several decades ago. Various laws in United States have as well contributed towards the prevalent situation in terms of the nation’s culture. For instance, the immigration and marriage law s in the US have largely contributed towards the homogeneity of the previous diverse cultural practices. Since the immigration laws have been liberated, many people from various global regions have migrated into the country, increasing the level of cosmopolitanism in the country today (Takaki 29).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having fewer restrictions in marriage amongst races and ethnic groups, the current states laws in US can be considered as having played significant role in promoting cultural integration in the country. Indeed, immigration and law based on the race and ethnicity has played remarkable role in the historical development of the United States of America. Generally, studying America’s past from racial and ethnic diversity can form a fundamental perspective of understanding the current demographic trends in US. The realization of how America’s pre-concei ved minorities as the future’s majority is becoming a real issue in explaining America’s history. In this regard, it is not possible to unravel the history of the United States without focusing on racial and ethnic lens. Work Cited Takaki, Ronald. A Different mirror: A history of multi-cultural America. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993. This essay on Tracing the America’s History was written and submitted by user Russell Woodard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Look at Demographics and Economics

A Look at Demographics and Economics Demography is defined as the quantitive and scientific study of vital statistical information that together illuminates the changing structure of human populations. As a more general science, demography can and does study any dynamic living population. For those focused on human studies, some define demography as plainly the scientific study of human populations and their characteristics. The study of demography often leads to the categorization and segmentation of people based on their shared characteristics  or traits. The origin of the word further solidifies the studys relationship to its human subjects. The English word demography is derived from the French word  dà ©mographie  which stems from the Greek word  dÄ“mos  meaning populace or people. Demography as the Study of Demographics As the study of human populations, demography is essentially the study of demographics. Demographics are the statistical data relating to a defined population or group that are collected and analyzed.  Demographics can include the  size, growth, and geographical distribution of human populations. Demographics can further consider characteristics of a population like age, sex, race, marital status, socioeconomic status, level of income, and level of education.  They can also include the collection of records of births, deaths, marriages, migrations, and even incidence of disease within a population.  A demographic, on the other hand, generally refers to a particular sector of the population. How Demographics Are Used The use of demographics and the field of demography is widespread. Demographics are used by governments, corporations, and other non-government entities to learn more about a populations characteristics and the trends within that population. Governments may use demographics to track and assess the effects of their policies and to determine whether a policy had the intended effect or carried unintentional effects both positive and negative. Governments may use individual demographics studies in their research, but they also generally collect demographics data in the form of a census. Businesses, on the other hand, may use demographics to judge the size and influence of a potential market or to assess the characteristics of their target market. Businesses may even use demographics to determine whether their goods are ending up in the hands of the people the company has deemed their most important customer group. The results from these corporate demographics studies generally lead to a  more effective use of marketing budgets. Within the field of economics, demographics can be used to inform anything from economic market research projects to economic policy development. As important as the demographics are themselves, demographic trends are equally as important as the size, influence, and even interest in certain populations and demographic groups will change over time as a consequence of changing political, social, and economic situations and affairs.

Implications of Social Media in Organizations Essay

Implications of Social Media in Organizations - Essay Example As the research findings all these factors contribute a lot towards defining the success of any organization. This is because, for any organization to succeed in the competitive world markets, it is necessary for such an organization to meet these diversities in cultures, beliefs, as well as races relevant to their interests on products alongside meeting their changes in attitudes and tastes. It is important to note that social media is available in several forms for the companies as well as organizations to chose from. The major host is the internet. There are a number of websites including Facebook, Twitter, and My Space amongst others, which greatly influence the organizational communication. As the paper discusses majority of the organizations nowadays employ the use of social media predominantly for communicating to their customers and to the general public for a number of reasons. These may involve the fact that social media hosts a large number of people, ranging to millions. The millions of users of such social media is a good representative indicator of success of any business organization since they always determine the customer base of such organizations. It is of critical significance to acknowledge the fact that social media is one of the increasing phenomena in the current society. Social media has a lot of influence in the organizations progress relevant to communication.

Contemporary Brand Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Contemporary Brand Management - Essay Example "Americans have the largest per capita consumption of beer in the world. Europe is the home to most of the world-renowned breweries. These include, Carlsberg, Grolsch, Heineken, Fosters, and Stella Artois to name a few. Belgium is Beer country, but for other reasons. Belgians drink less beer. That's right! Beer consumption in Belgium has more than halved during the last 75 years. The figures, which were published recently the Flemish daily 'Het Laatste Nieuws' (March, 2006), showed that per capita consumption of beer in Belgium stood at just 95 litres per annum. The reason The Belgian Beer Association's Theo Vervloet told the paper that despite this fall, the breweries didn't want to encourage youngsters to start drinking early. Despite the disappointing figures, the Association of Belgian Breweries were against aggressive advertising campaign to force up the beer consumption within Belgium. It is estimated that the world consumes over 100billion liters of beer. Reports show that this value is on the rise due to an increased amount of under-aged drinkers and an increasing variety of beers. When it comes to beer, America is the greatest consumer, for people there ingest around 23billion liters annually. 23billion liters is equal to the quantity (in SI units) of 23gigaliters"(Johnny Alicea, Volume of World Beer Consumption, hypertextbook.com). Stella Artois, a Belgian brewery produces Pilsner beer that has a strong following not only in Belgium, but the whole of Europe and North America as well. 2.0 Industry Background Belgium is Beer country. Despite its size and population, Belgium is among the top beer producing countries in Europe. The Netherlands, France, Poland, and the United Kingdom are the others in Europe who can boast of more or equal production. (Refer EPISTILE Analysis, Appendices 1.0). The major players in Belgium who contribute to their beverage output for local consumption and exports are: Brasserie d'Achouffe, Affligem Brouwerij, NV Brouwerijen Alken-Maes, Brouweri Het Anker, Artois, Brasserie Du Bocq s.a., Brouwerij Bosteels, Chimay, Brouwerij De, Keersmaeker Brouwerij De Koninck, Brouwerij De Gouden Boom, Brouwerij De Ryck, Duvel Moortgat, Brouwerij Haacht, Brouwerij Hoegaarden, Van Honsebrouck, Brasserie Jupiler, Brouwerij Palm NV, Brouwerij Riva nv., Brouwerij Rodenbach, Brouwerij St.Bernard, Brasserie Union, Brouwerij Van Steenberge, 't Pakhuis, and Brouwerij Der Trappisten van Westmalle. (Pattinson, www.xs4all.nl). Abbey, Non-/low-alcohol, Amber, British type, Gueze/fruit, Luxe pils, Pils, Regional, Table Beer, Trappist, Wetbier, Sour, Strong golden were the different beer sold in and by Belgium. From the analysis of the report published in the "Het Brouwersblad" June 2004, p.12, and "Het Brouwersblad" June 2005, p.8, publications, the maximum production was of Pilsner, at a staggering figure of 7,044,252 out of 9,935,211hectolitres in 2003, and 6,930,525b out of a total of 9,702,619b Hectolitres in 2004 (Pattinson, www.x

Small-Business Opportunities Available Today Essay

Small-Business Opportunities Available Today - Essay Example (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business). There are certain types of difficulties faced by such businesses due to their small size. One of the most common reasons for bankruptcy is undercapitalization. This is mainly due to the bogus arrangement and not the financial circumstances; meaning that any business should have enough amount of money to run that business and a certain criteria is set up. If the required isn't done, then the company can suffer from bankruptcy. Along with the fact of having good amount of capital, the proprietor of the small business should have a good knowledge of gross margin, which are "sales minus variable costs." In order to work appropriately and efficiently, the business is required to achieve a standard of sales having gross margin surpass the "fixed costs." In United States, few of the important small business proprietors are in the field of "insurance costs, rising energy costs and taxes." While in United Kingdom and Australia, small business possessors are more into the field "with excessive governmental red tape." It can be a complicated task for a fresh and developing business to gain trust of customers. To overcome this complication, some associations like Better Business Bureau and the International Charter are proposing Small Business Certification, "which certifies the quality of the services and goods produced and can encourage new and larger customers." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business). Comparing and Contrasting Two Small Business Firms The two small business companies which will be compared in this report are two different finance corporations running in United States. The first one is Southwestern Business Financing Corporation, operating in State of Arizona and Contiguous States. The second one is Chesapeake Business Finance Corporation operating in Kent and Sussex Counties. About the Firms Southwestern Business Financing Cooperation is a classified, non-profit company that gives "small businesses with long-term loans for owner-occupied fixed assets." This company is one of the two corporations of Arizona which is endorsed by the U.S Small Business Administration to create the SBA 504 loan to small businesses for construction of gigantic utensils from "$ 125,000 to $ 10,000,000." This company offers a "long-term, fixed-rate financing" with a decreased down payment. From the time when it was founded, SBFC has financed the purchase or building of over $500 million of buildings for small businesses. (http://www.swbfc.com/mission.cfmpagename=mission). Chesapeake Busines

Fake News and Online Regulations

Fake News and Online Regulations The dissemination of fake news by online is a threat to democracy. Should online platforms therefore be subject to regulatory control? Professional journalism plays an important role in our democratic societies by acting as a public watchdog over the concentrations of power, ensuring the accountability of these institutions, and informing us of important occurrences.[1] However, fabrication, fakery and falsehood have been a part of journalism since the first journalists put quill to parchment.[2] Therefore, statutory laws and regulatory bodies aim to ensure journalism is impartial and accurate. However, journalism today is experiencing fundamental transformation due to technological advancements; consequently, the public now acquires news through digital platforms as well as traditional sources. A 2016 survey found that 35% of people in the UK now use social media to access the news, for those under 35 years old, 41% used Facebook and 20% used Twitter as a weekly source.[3] Online platforms have created more news sources to larger audiences, but this has also opened floodgates of inaccurate information pouring into our news feeds by deskilled journalists. The phenomena of citizen journalism and ‘we media’ have accelerated the pattern of random and instantaneous digital dissemination of information.[4] These activities have contributed to blurring the lines between truth and falsehood, and created fake news, which puts professional journalism under pressure. On 30th January 2017, The Culture, Media and Sport Committee launched an inquiry into fake news and called for submissions to be made suggesting ways to respond to the phenomenon of fake news. Various regulatory bodies, and institutions including the LSE Media policy project have shed some light on this topic.[5] Fake news can be best understood as ‘the misinformation (the inadvertent sharing of false information) and disinformation (the deliberate creation and sharing of information known to be false)’.[6] These types of content are being created as a result of: poor journalism, parody, provocation, passion, partisanship, profit, political influence and propaganda.[7] They are published on news sites and listed by digital intermediaries (groups consisting of news aggregators, social networks, search engines, and digital application stores) [8] causing fake news to spread across the globe. The concerning issue is the channels through which most people gain their news from are currently subject to no statutory laws, editorial guidelines nor regulation by organizations such as the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). However, there is a wealth of evidence supporting the scale, dissemination and effects of fake news. The debate has gained significant prominence since the 2016 US presidential elections. Statutory regulation of digital intermediaries A YouGov survey commissioned by Channel 4 found that only 4% of people were able to correctly identify fake news.[9] This inability is concerning as many people, especially the young, acquire knowledge, and form opinions, by what they see and read on the internet. Statutory regulation would therefore be the most direct response to the challenge of fake news;[10] under this approach digital intermediaries would be treated as publishers even if they have not played an active part in the commissioning or presentation of such content.[11] Such an approach may be necessary as a study analysing how social media can improve citizens’ knowledge of political preferences proved that there is a remarkable ability for social media to forecast election results.[12] This proved to be the case during the EU referendum, where 7% of those that voted for Brexit regretted their choice later. [13] News reporters found voters claiming they voted leave because they believed lies or false promises[14]; it is most likely that the sources of these false statements were from unregulated online platforms. Therefore, enforcing legislation on digital intermediaries would hold these platforms directly accountable, ensuring they take their civic duty seriously.[15] Fake news is also a concern on Twitter where ‘Twitter bombs’ (the act of sending unsolicited replies to specific users via Twitter in order to get them to pay attention to ones cause), are being launched within days of the elections.[16] Despite Twitter’s attempts to shut them down it has been ineffective as these users create fake accounts, fake replies and fake grassroots movements.[17] These tweets target deskilled-journalists online, pressurising some to moderate their views. Democracy is threatened if people’s views are influenced by false statements in the guise of news. Aside from political motivations, the spreading of fake news was also noted by users retweeting fake images of the Hurricane Sandy disaster[18], and pictures of the of Osama Bin Laden’s dead body.[19] Such action usually goes unnoticed unless someone has detected and reported the issue. This response is different for newspapers because they are subject to the IPSO, or a similar body. Journalists employed by regulated publishers are required to uphold the values enforced in the Editors’ code of practice. This aims to ensure accuracy of information and a standard of professional journalism is maintained[20] . However, digital intermediaries are not held accountable by any body, like the IPSO, even though they have a large audience that is affected by fabricated stories. Therefore, it is crucial that these organisations take some responsibility in resolving this issue.[21] Without implementing any strict regulatory initiatives such incidences would occur daily and remain unquestioned, leaving users to believe false information. Statutory regulation would therefore fill the gap in the law, bringing clarity and holding digital intermediaries responsible for their part in disseminating fake news. There is no doubt that intermediaries play a dominant role in the global public sphere, but perhaps we need to address the question of whether we should continue to consider them as mere intermediaries.[22] Unlike news providers, intermediaries have no investment in journalism and are therefore more likely to filter out news. This limits users’ understanding of the world, as they are insulated from opposing views. The risk is that these ‘filter bubbles’ (restrictions of a users perspective) will promote misperceptions by hiding the truth,[23]   which supports the economic models of intermediaries because digital programmatic advertising follows users through their ‘clicks’, ‘shares’ and ‘likes’.[24] By learning from the past actions of a user, news feeds will only show similar material in their next use. Requiring digital intermediaries to change their approach by bursting this ‘filter bubble’ would not be in their commercial interests, as the bubble’s content is what keeps users engaged. Statutory regulation would therefore enforce strict rules on how intermediaries should enforce mechanisms to detect and filter fake news instead of opposing views. Moreover, ensuring impartiality and accuracy is important especially during election time. ‘A BuzzFeed News analysis found that top fake election news stories generated more total engagement on Facebook than top election stories from 19 major news outlets combined’.[25] This imbalance illustrates the significant role digital intermediaries play in today’s society, and therefore it is particularly concerning if their news content is fake. If newspapers and broadcasting media organisations are obliged to follow strict guidelines on impartiality[26] and accuracy, then why should it be any different for online platforms?   For example, Section 319 of the Communications Act 2003 requires TV and radio broadcasters to comply with the standard objectives set by Ofcom. This includes, reporting ‘with due accuracy’ and not ‘misleading’;[27] furthermore, Parliament ‘requires Ofcom to develop rules with respect to broadcasters’ wider editorial coverage of elections’.[28] Similar regulations on intermediaries would ensure information is not personalized to a user’s preferences, thus maintaining impartiality and accuracy, whilst avoiding the risk of disseminating fake news to users. Statutory regulation of online news providers The dissemination of fake news by online news providers has proven to be a great concern as anonymous individuals are inventing fake news for the purpose of generating clicks and earning revenue.[29] Such behavior has been identified in Macedonia, where teenagers were found to be making money by creating fake news on US presidential candidates and promoting it via social media.[30] If statutory regulation is placed on digital intermediaries, then the same could be done for online news providers, as the same news from online news providers will be shared via digital intermediaries. This was proven to be the case as various US sites claimed to be exposing ‘Russian propaganda’,[31] was shared via other online platforms which influenced voter behavior in the US elections.[32] Examples such as as this suggest ‘misleading, biased propaganda’ is also part of the fake news phenomenon.[33] It is therefore important to set statutory regulations for both, as this type of de-skilled citizen journalism is a threat to democracy especially because people’s views are being influenced by biased and inaccurate information.[34] Furthermore, news outlets that only have an online presence, such as AOL news, Vice, and Huffington Post, are not subject to any regulatory controls as they are not members of regulatory bodies like IPSO;[35] even though they are subject to some statutory control such as defamation,[36] copyright[37] and data protection laws,[38] control is not the same as the additional regulatory standards most UK press (with a physical and online presence) comply to. Without belonging to any recognised regulator, publishers may have to pay exemplary damages under the Crime and Courts Act for defamation or other relevant claims;[39] therefore, it would be in the interests of online publishers to join a recognized regulatory body. Interestingly, Wikipedia recently banned Daily Mail as an unreliable source and excluded it as a source of reference. Wikipedia claimed the newspaper to have a ‘reputation for poor fact checking and sensationalism’.[40] These claimed characteristics are another concern for UK journalism, as IPSO regulates Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers Limited) [41] yet they are still being labelled as an unreliable source. This indicates the ineffectiveness of IPSO as it failed to ensure the credibility of a publisher they regulate. Such failures generate an inclination towards statutory regulation of online news providers as regulatory bodies are not enough, to ensure that newspapers report accurately and without exaggeration. Not only do such flaws lose the public’s trust in professional journalism’ but they also create a society that is vulnerable to fake news. There is also no evidence to suggest that the levels of   accuracy are rising or that the self-regulatory bodies set up by the major publishers, and IPSO, are having any identifiable positive effect.[42] Hence, it may be necessary to set up statutory regulations of online news providers which will create a more direct and stringent approach to tackling fake news. The Leveson Report[43] suggested that such statutory regulation would be necessary to underpin the process of recognition, and reinforce the importance of statutes guaranteeing press freedom.[44] However, three years on from the publication of the Leveson Report, the landscape of press regulation is still fragmented and confused,[45] and it may therefore be necessary to re-consider these suggestions. The implementation of statutory regulation, combined with independent regulatory bodies, should be extended to intermediaries and online news providers. Such a framework is an essential stepping stone towards a regulatory regime that is entirely fit for purpose in this new era. The negative issues with this initiative would include costs, and whether a consensus by major publishers and online platforms can be formed. Self-regulation by digital intermediaries An alternative to statutory regulations would be to enforce a self-regulatory system for digital intermediaries which would allow them to have significant control in filtering fake news according to methods they believe are most effective. Mark Zuckerberg, although first dismissing the idea that fake news influenced the US election, later acknowledged the role of social media in helping promote fake news, and proposed ways in which Facebook could help resolve this issue.[46] Actions include taking an approach that ‘will focus less on banning misinformation, and more on surfacing additional perspectives and information, including that fact checkers dispute an items accuracy’.[47] Other ways Facebook could reduce fake news without resorting to  censorship include; nudging, crowdsourcing and reducing the algorithmic bias.[48] Nudging involves monitoring what users are writing in a new post; if the content includes words they may regret posting, it notifies them. Crowdsourcing allows users to evaluate news sources by indicating ratings. Lastly, the most important solution is to reduce the algorithmic bias. This involves trying to diminish filter bubbles that create an â€Å"echo chamber†, where similar ideas bounce around endlessly which is a problem when the echo chamber blocks out corrective or fact-checking information.[49] Although, some digital intermediaries have already taken steps to tackle the issue of fake news, it would be ineffective to give them sole responsibility. More useful would be to establish a governance mechanism, such as an independent board, that could check whether the algorithms accord with acceptable principles.[50] This view is supported by the Trust Project, which suggests that algorithms alone will struggle to root out fake news, unless they can quantify indicators of trust elements, which can help set a ‘kitemark’ for trustworthiness.[51] This suggestion includes being able to distinguish the intentions behind the news, and whether it is genuine, or inaccurate reporting. Therefore, remedies based solely on technological fixes or market-driven corrections will not, on their own, address these problems. Additionally, judgments of this kind need to be carefully reviewed hence, an independent body should be established to perform this role. This approach will ensure tech platforms maintain transparency in the work they carry out to tackle this public issue. Firstly, there is no guarantee that only one country’s statutory regulation would work as technologic advancements allow users to create and access online news sites from anywhere in the world. If users can create fake news, they can create fake identities, which raises ‘concerns for verification, accountability and accuracy’[52]; therefore, alternative solutions may be needed to tackle the problem effectively. This view is supported by Dr Tambini from the LSE, who states that the unprecedented number of fake news sites is a huge and far-reaching problem that cannot be dealt within existing legal categories.[53] Therefore, a possible solution to tackling fake news would be to establish a global regulatory body that could operate across borders. Taking such an approach would not hinder the freedom of expression nor create restrictive frameworks, as a global collective regulatory body would find common ground, respecting the rights of all democratic institutions, and ensure that accuracy of information could be maintained across online platforms. Whereas, it would be difficult to establish statutory regulation without hindering the right to freedom of speech, which must be balanced against the risk of giving states excessive powers over the expression rights of individuals and organizations creating such content.[54] ‘The only category where there may be an argument for statutory regulation is the category of deliberate falsehood with intent to compromise national security’.[55] However, such a high standard will be difficult to meet and not tackle the phenomena of fake news. Instead a global regulatory system is more likely to create an effective solution that can monitor all types of fake news. However, the major concern with creating a global regulatory body is forming a consensus to establish one, and deciding some universal criteria of what constitutes as fake news. Regardless of the flaws in a global regulatory body, it is likely to be the most effective solution for a global problem. A further concern that must be addressed is the misuse of the term ‘fake news’. The term ‘fake news’ has been used by public figures and politicians to justify politically motivated attacks on journalists and press freedom.[56] ‘What was once considered a symbiotic relationship between politics, media and the public is turning from a Golden Triangle into a Bermuda Triangle’. [57] Representatives from the White House and President Trump have used this term on numerous occasions to accuse media reports that oppose Trump’s views.[58] Moreover, in the UK, headlines such as, ‘we invested  £10bn extra in the NHS last year’, and claims that, ‘Corbyn would order Labour MPs to vote for the government’s bill triggering Article 50’,[59] were later found to be false. Nonetheless journalists claim to have correctly interpreted quotes from politicians, but due to the lack of clarity, and changing views of the politicians, their journalism was labelled as ‘fake news’.[60] This labelling is no fault of their own, but it definitely damages their reputation as credible sources in the eyes of the public. A global regulatory body could establish mechanism which safeguard online journalists and individuals that may have complaints to online content. These mechanisms would be similar to the way the press is currently protected by regulatory bodies such as IPSO, Ofcom, and Advertising Standard Authority which provide all individuals with a complaints procedure to resolve disputes.[61] For online news sites created by individuals, however such protections and remedies are not available. In these cases, the only way the news sites could safeguard themselves from possible accusations of creating false news would be to become members of such bodies. A global regulatory body could protect and hold online journalists accountable for their reports, and scrutinise claims by politicians in the public eye. This protection could be extended to the existent online press, to further safeguard them from accusations and ensure accuracy. Traditional gatekeeping mechanisms, such as national statutory laws and self-regulatory frameworks, can ensure online platforms are subject to similar frameworks as newspapers and the broadcasting media are, but this approach would ultimately fail because the internet has no borders- allowing online platforms to operate globally, across multiple jurisdictions.[62] Fake news created in a different country, would still be accessible and impact users from other countries, (as proven to be the case with Macedonia). Therefore, the issue of fake news can only be tackled effectively by all democratic institutions through the creation of a global regulatory body. 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(Fair.org, 1 December 2016) accessed 9 April 2017 KCL Centre for the study of media, communication and power, Submission to: Consultation on the Leveson Inquiry and its Implementation Department for Culture, Media and Sport and the Home Office (Kcl.ac.uk, 2016) accessed 11 April 2017 KCL Centre for the study of media, communication and power, Submission to: Inquiry into Fake News (Kcl.ac.uk, 16 February 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 Lord Justice Leveson, An Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press’ (www.gov.uk, 2012) accessed 16 April 2017 Mcnair Brian, Fake news – a user’s guide (The Conversation, 6 March 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 Mcnair Brian, Journalism and Democracy: a millennial audit [2000] 1(2) Journalism Studies pp 207 Metaxas T. Panagiotis and Eni Mustafaraj, Manipulation of social media affects perceptions of candidates and compromises decision-making [26 Oct 2012] 338 (6106) Social Media and the Elections pp 472-473 National Union of Journalists, NUJ submission to the CMS parliamentary select committee inquiry on fake news (www.nuj.org.uk, February 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 Nelson Steven, ‘Publications Called Russian-Propaganda Distributors Consider Suing Anonymous Experts’, (US News, 29 November 2016) accessed 9 April 2017 Newman Nic, H.Dutton William, Blank Grant, Social Media and the News: Implications for the Press and Society (OUP 2014) pp.139 NMA, CMS Select Committee ‘Fake News’ Inquiry: NMA Response (News.media.uk.org, 30 March 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 NMA, CMS Select Committee ‘Fake News’ Inquiry: NMA Response (Newsmediaukorg, 30 March) accessed 11 April 2017 Ofcom, Review of Ofcom list of major political parties for elections (Ofcom.org.uk, 16 March 2015) accessed 12 April 2017 PA, Can the law do anything to stop fake news? (Aol.co.uk, 12 Dec 2016) accessed 11 April 2017 Public relations and communications association (PRCA), PRCA response to the CMS Committee’s ‘Fake News’ Inquiry (Prca.org.uk, 6 March 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 Robbins Martin, Fake news and fact-checking: Trump is demonstrating how to outsmart an AI (Theguardiancom, 31 January 2017) accessed 13 April 2017 Sievers Bruce and Schneider Patrice, The Civic Media Crisis and What Philanthropy Can Do (SSIR) (Stanford Social Innovation Review 8 March 2017) accessed 8 April 2017 Singer-Vine, Most Americans Who See Fake News Believe It (Buzz Feed News, 7th December 2016) accessed 13 April 2017 Stromer-galley Jeremy, Three ways Facebook could reduce fake news without resorting to censorship (The Conversation, 2 December 2016) accessed 13 April 2017 Tambini Damian, Fake News: Public Policy Responses, LSE Media Policy Project Series, (2017) pp13-15 The Trust Project Org, (thetrustproject.org, 2016) accessed 13 April 2017 Thompson Clive, Why Facebook and Twitter have a civic duty to protect us from fake news (WIRED UK, 24 February 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 UK Parliament, Select Committee on Communications Corrected oral evidence: Children and the Internet (Dataparliamentuk, 22 November 2016) accessed 11 April 2017 UK Parliament, Social Media and Access to Information (UK Parliament, Jan 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 Wahl-Jorgensen Karin, Hintz Arne, Dencik Lina, Bennett Lucy, Journalism, citizenship and surveillance [2017] 5(3) Digital Journalism pp 256-261 Wardle Claire, ‘Fake news It’s complicated’, (First Draft News, 16 February 2017) accessed 9 April 2017 Wise Michael, News Plurality and Digital Intermediaries European Journalism Observatory- EJO (European Journalism Observatory EJO, 28 August 2012) accessed 13 April 2017 Zuckerberg Mark, Building Global Community (Facebook.com, 16 February 2017) accessed 11 April 2017 [1] Wahl-Jorgensen et al, Journalism, citizenship and surveillance [2017] 5(3) Digital Journalism pp.256-261 [2] Brian Mcnair, Fake news – a user’s guide (The-Conversation, 6 March 2017) accessed 11/April/2017 [3] UK Parliament, Social Media and Access to Information (UK-Parliament, Jan 2017) accessed 11/April/2017 [4] Siervers and Schneider, The Civic Media Crisis and What Philanthropy Can Do (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 8 March 2017) accessed 8/April/2017 [5] Emma Goodman, How has media policy responded to fake news? (LSE-Media-Policy-Project, 7 February 2017), accessed 11/April/2017 [6] Claire Wardle, ‘Fake news It’s complicated’, (First Draft News, 16 February 2017), accessed 9/April/2017 [7] Ibid [8] Michael Wise, News Plurality and Digital Intermediaries-EJO (European Journalism Observatory-EJO, 28 August 2012), accessed 13/April/2017 [9] Jessica Goodfellow, ‘Only 4% of people can distinguish fake news from truth, Channel 4 study finds’ (The Drum, 6 February 2017), accessed online 11/April/2017 [10] Impress, IMPRESS Submission on Fake News Page , (Impress press, 10th March 2017) accessed 11/April/2017 [11] Ibid [12] Ceron et al, Every tweet counts? How sentiment analysis of social media can improve our knowledge of citizens’ political preferences with an application to Italy and France [4 April 2013] 16(2) New Media & Society, pp.340 358 [13] Lizzie Dearden, Brexit research suggests 12 million Leave voters regret their choice in reversal that could change result (The Independent, 1 July 2016) accessed 13/April/2017 [14] Ibid [15] Clive Thompson, Why Facebook and Twitter have a civic duty to protect us from fake news, (WIRED UK, 24 February 2017), accessed 11/April/2017 [16] Metaxas et al, Manipulation of social media affects perceptions of candidates and compromises decision-making [26 Oct 2012] 338(6106) Social Media and the Elections pp.472-473 [17] Ibid [18] Gupta et al, Faking Sandy: characterizing and identifying fake images on Twitter during Hurricane Sandy [2013] In Proceedings of the 22nd International conference on WWW ’13, pp.729-7637 [19] Newman et al, Social Media and the News: Implications for the Press and Society, (OUP, 2014), pp.139 [20] Ipso, Editors’ Code of Practice, (The Independent Press Standards Organization), accessed 10/April/2017 [21] UK Parliament, Select Committee on Communications Corrected oral evidence: Children and the Internet (Data.parliament.uk, 22 November 2016), accessed 11/April/2017 [22] NMA, CMS Select Committee ‘Fake News’ Inquiry: NMA Response (News.media.uk.org, 30 March 2017), accessed 11/April/2017 [23] R.Kelly Garrett, Facebooks problem is more complicated than fake news (The Conversation, 17 November 2016), accessed 11/April/2017 [24] Ibid [25] BBC, Fake news: How can African media deal with the problem? (BBC News, 16 February 2017), accessed 11/April/2017 [26] Brian Mcnair, Journalism and Democracy: a millennial audit [2000] 1(2) Journalism Studies pp.207 [27] Communications Act 2003, Section 319(2)(d) and (h)†¨ [28] Ofcom, Review of Ofcom list of major political parties for elections (Ofcom.org.uk, 16 March 2015), accessed 12/April/2017 [29]   Jonathan Goldsbie, Craig Silverman, the man who exposed the fake-news racket in 2016 (NOW-Magazine, 22 December 2016) accessed 11/April/2017 [30]   Andrew Byrne, Macedonia’s fake news industry sets sights on Europe (www.ft.com, 16 December 2016), accessed 11/April/2017 [31] Steven Nelson, ‘Publications Called Russian-Propaganda Distributors Consider Suing Anonymous Experts’, (US-News, 29 November 2016), accessed 9/April/2017 [32]Adam Johnson, ‘Why are media outlets still citing discredited Fake News Blacklist?’, (FAIR, 1 December 2016)

Both Liberals and Conservatives Oppose Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Both Liberals and Conservatives Oppose Human Cloning      Ã‚   The reporting of the debate over human cloning is usually portrayed as a contest between religious opponents of abortion and medical researchers striving to benefit humankind. The stereotype was epitomized in a January 17, 2002, Washington Post story by science reporter Rick Weiss. Implying that opponents of human cloning are the moral equivalent of the Taliban, Weiss wrote:    "In November, researchers announced that they had made the first human embryo clones, giving immediacy to warnings by religious conservatives and others that science is no longer serving the nation's moral will. At the same time, the United States was fighting a war to free a faraway nation from the grip of religious conservatives who were denounced for imposing their moral code on others."(Washington)    The Post ombudsman gently rebuked Weiss for his "real or perceived bias," but the fact that he made the comparison, and that no editor removed it, is revealing.    In reality, the opponents of human cloning are not so easily categorized. For one thing, they include many secular activists associated with the pro-choice left. Last year, in a lopsided bipartisan vote, the House of Representatives passed the Weldon bill (H.2505), which would outlaw both research and reproductive human cloning. Among those supporting the ban were 21 House members whose voting records on abortion were at least 75 percent pro-choice as scored by the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL).    Now, 68 leftist activists have signed a "Statement in Support of Legislation to Prohibit Cloning." Among them are such notables as activist Jeremy Rifkin, New York University professor Todd Gitlin, novelist Norman Mailer, Commonweal editor Margaret O'Brien, Abortion Access Project director Susan Yanow, New Age spiritual leader Matthew Fox, and Judy Norsigian, author of the feminist manifesto "Our Bodies, Ourselves."    Among arguments against the cloning of human life, these leftists stress the "commercial eugenics" that the new technologies threaten to unleash. They write:    "We are also concerned about the increasing bio-industrialization of life by the scientific community and life science companies and shocked and dismayed that clonal human embryos have been patented and declared to be human "inventions." We oppose efforts to reduce human life and its various parts and processes to the status of mere research tools, manufactured products, commodities, and utilities."(Prepared)    These are points that conservative opponents of cloning have been making for a long time, with limited effect thanks to the media's obsession with the politics of abortion.

Hamlet the Passive Intellect

The actions and events in Shakespeare’s Hamlet revolve around Hamlet’s inactivity. Without Hamlet's hesitation, constant thought, and internal deliberation, the plot would proceed directly from Hamlet’s meeting with the Ghost to his murder of Claudius. Hamlet’s philosophical strifeheightens the complexity of his life issues and intensifies the depth of his dilemma. Hamlet’s over-intellectualization coupled with his passive tendencies paralyzes his ability to act, locking him in an inescapable prison of his own inner consciousness. Hamlet's over-intellectualization begins with his questioning of the ghost's identity. When first told by Horatio that the ghost of his father haunts the battlements, Hamlet interrogates him obsessively to obtain every relevant detail to satisfy his intellectual curiosity. He  fires  a volley of questions at Horatio, ranging from whether his countenance is â€Å"pale or red† to how long it â€Å"fixed eyes upon [Horatio]† (1. 2. 250). His desire to dispel uncertainty and further his knowledge escalates in the physical encounter with the ghost. Rather than accepting his vision for granted, Hamlet examines the validity of his perceptions by debating whether the ghost of â€Å"a questionable shape† is â€Å"wicked or charitable† (1. . 45-46). Hamlet initially pronounces to the ghost that he will â€Å"wipe away all trivial, fond records, all saw of books, all forms, all pressures past, that youth and observation copied there,† declaring his resolution to act (1. 4. 108). However, when he reconvenes with his friends, he entreats them â€Å"never make known what you have seen tonight† (1. 5. 160). Instead of seeking for an immediate collective action to avenge his father’s â€Å"unnatural murder,† he chooses to prolong the process to devise an elaborate scheme within his own mind. He forestalls action—be it his friends’ or his own—to contemplate the implications of his experience. He concludes by cursing the fact that he â€Å"was born to set it right†Ã‚  Ã‚  (1. 5. 211). The ghost’s revelation places him in a position where he must be the agent of action, whose filial responsibility is to affect justice and kill Claudius. Hamlet’s dilemma, then, stems from the need to become an avenging son while being a naturally passive intellectual. Hamlet addresses his dilemma in greater depth by engaging in a rigorous, intellectual process, which ironically perpetuates the vicious cycle of inactivity. In his conversation with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, he confesses, â€Å"thinking makes it so. To me it is a prison† (2. 2. 270). Hamlet finds himself imprisoned by his intellect, as he â€Å"must like a whore unpack [his] heart with words† (2. 2. 614). He cannot act by heart because he is bound to â€Å"unpack† his actions with reason first. He berates himself as â€Å"a rogue and peasant slave† and â€Å"John-a-dream, unpregnant of my cause, and can say nothing† (2. 2. 576-595). Hamlet recognizes that he is not taking any decisive action to dutifully avenge his father’s death in staying within his comfort zone of intellectualism. As he articulates and explores his conflict of conscience, he concludes, â€Å"Thus conscience does make cowards of us all and thus the native hue of resolution is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, and enterprises of great pitch and moment†¦lose the name of action (3. 1. 91-96). Hamlet reaffirms that his constant moralizing and philosophizing stymie the very action he strives for. The inexorable clash between his predisposition for sedentary contemplations and the filial imperative to actively seek revenge results in such strong feelings of self-loathing that he considers â€Å"shuffl[ing] off the mortal coil† (3. . 75). Committing suicide would proactively end his suffering, but he problematizes even that possibility as an unacceptable transgression against â€Å"[God’s]  canon ‘gainst self-slaughter! † (1. 2. 136). Ironically, this very soliloquy devoted to meditating on his passivity epitomizes his inaction; rather than coming u p with pragmatic solutions to end his dilemma, he explores and wallows in self-pity, which in turn exacerbates the intensity of his conundrum. Hamlet is so preoccupied with the enormous intellectual activity in his head that he closes himself off from all action in the external world.

10 of the Most Annoying Things about Working in Retail

10 of the Most Annoying Things about Working in Retail Even if you love your career in retail, the common truth is that it can really be a thankless job. It’s wrongly considered a job that â€Å"anyone† could do, but it takes a lot of stamina, skills, and smarts to juggle the many elements of the gig successfully, and with grace. Here are some of the biggest annoyances that often come with retail gigs.1. â€Å"The Customer is Always Right.†That’s just not true. You’ve seen rude customers in stores before, right? As the poor employee  working behind the counter, you have to smile and appease that rude person. You  have to keep your cool while being berated. It’s hospitality under fire. And if a customer walks in five minutes before you’re scheduled to close, then that’s your problem.2. Working Double ShiftsYou’ll often have to work a 12  to 16  hour shift†¦ for minimum wage. And you’ll be standing. The whole time. And a lot of opening hours are early. That means you need to be there two and a half hours prior to open to make sure inventory is done and things are spic and span.3. Old PeopleOld people are lovely, but sometimes someone will come in and pay with a combination of pennies and coupons that they dig out of their purse. Meanwhile the line backs up around the aisles or denim displays and the other customers are growing increasingly irate.4. The SoundtrackSeriously. You get sick of the music within five minutes of shopping. Imagine having to listen to it for hours on end, day after day, month after month.5. Mandatory â€Å"Uniforms†You can’t afford the clothes you sell, even with the 10% employee discount, but still you’re required to wear them. Maybe the company should be required to pay you more, hmm?6. Working HolidaysYou know how you look forward to holidays and three-day weekends and vacations? Yeah, you don’t get those in retail. Because those stores never close. The world doesn’t care if you are fasting for Ramadan, or missing Christmas dinner. You’re working.7. Being Treated Like You’re InvisibleCustomers, even nice customers will often treat you like you aren’t a real person. They’ll be on their phones. They’ll be mumbling at you like you aren’t human. They certainly don’t bother looking at your name tag to ask how your day is going.8. Silly RulesSometimes your company will require you to show up 10 minutes before your shift starts- but won’t compensate you. Sometimes they make stupid rules like outlawing talking between employees. Like that makes employees more positive in their demeanor.9.  Misplaced AngerCustomers hold you personally responsible when things run out of stock. Do they realize you’re not the one that does the ordering? They also get mad if an item was put back on a sale rack by accident, but gets rung up at full price.10. The Pile of Clothes in the Dressing RoomSeriously. Theyâ€⠄¢re not even right-side out.

Buoyancy Lab Report Essays

Buoyancy Lab Report Essays Buoyancy Lab Report Paper Buoyancy Lab Report Paper From information learned in the accompanying Fluid Mechanics lecture course, basic formulas can be applied to solve for the specific weight of the object in question. The experiment performed will involve the buoyancy principle and include calculating the volume displaced of a submerged object. This is laboratory experiment under a controlled environment. The results of this experiment can be found by using the weight of each object when dry as well as submerged in water in order to determine the specific weights of the objects. This concludes the Archimedes principle to be true in that the collected values were very close to those of the available accepted data for the respected materials. These findings will likewise set the basis for fluid mechanics study to come during the remainder of this course. Objective Introduction: The objective of this lab experiment is to gather enough information to be able to use the buoyancy principle to determine specific weight of multiple objects. Submarines apply Archimedes Principle when changing depth. A submarine ivies deeper by opening its ballast tank, collecting enough water to increase the submarines weight to an amount greater than the buoyant force. By pushing water out of the ballast tanks, the submarine becomes lighter than the buoyant force, allowing the submarine to rise. Archimedes Principle is used in everyday industries which involve buoyancy, to include watercraft, weather balloons, and even life-preservers. It is necessary to know whether or not something will float, as intended, or sink below the surface of the fluid in which it is In the year 250 B. C. Greek mathematician Archimedes of Syracuse published On Floating Bodies, a book containing various scientific and mathematical principles which he had scrutinized and eventually proved through rigorous trial and error While never fully verified, the legend of the buoyancy principle was verified by Archimedes himself after noticing the water level rise after stepping into his bathtub one night. His exclamation of Eureka! , Greek for l found it marked this significance and had been used as a verbal mark for discovery in the English language ever since. In modern engineering, Archimedes principle can be seen in nearly every real world application. In the basic sense, calculations for ocean- going vessels are wholly dependent on the buoyancy principle. For a more broad sense, the principle of material composition verification can nearly always come back to soaking and floating an object. And for a more abstract outlook, the floating of blimps, balloons, and lighter-than-air craft is dependent on the fact that their specific weight is equal to their weight displaced divided by their displaced volume. Theory Experimental Methods: Archimedes Principle states that objects in a specific medium (i. E. Air or water) experience an upward force known as buoyant force. In order for something to stay afloat, this force must be equal in magnitude or in the case of lift with a hot-air balloon, greater than, the weight of the volume displaced by that object. Moreover, this amount of substance or in the case of this experiment; the water (or fluid) displaced will be equal to the volume of water displaced divided by the specific weight of the object.

Summary Analysis about Cape Verde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Summary Analysis about Cape Verde - Essay Example Cape Verde is a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). As a result of all the mentioned factors, there has been increased tourism, American and European trade, and investment in Cape Verde in recent years. The Cape Verde government is happy with the nation’s development, and it has therefore taken the initiative to further develop the economy of Cap Verde. After a lot of evaluation and consultation, the government decided that establishment of an aviation hub in Cape Verde will lead in the attainment of further economic development. The government chose Dubai as a blueprint for their undertaking. The project is a long-term plan that will be executed in three phases. The first phase will involve investment of 310 million Euros and generation of 15,000 new construction jobs (â€Å"Dubai International Airport,† ameinfo.com).The second phase will involve the development of a fully operational airline and airp ort, while the third phase will involve investment of an additional 3billion Euros (â€Å"Dubai International Airport,† ameinfo.com) to ensure the creation of a consumer centered and commercially oriented strategic aviation hub. The establishment of an aviation hub similar ton Dubai in Cape Verde is a viable project. This is because it will promote trade, tourism, hospitality, and travel, which are the key sectors that drive growth in Cape Verde. The competitiveness of Cape Verde’s economy will also be enhanced, foreign direct investment will be enhanced, local companies in Cape Verde will be integrated into the global business community, and more jobs will be create. The establishment of an aviation hub in Cape Verde will have a great effect on the economy of Cape Verde and Africa in general. 2. Chinese Ambassador says that Cape Verde may get Chinese-African Trade Zone Beijing authorities plan to establish six special trade areas in Africa. According to a speech by Su n Rongmao, who is the Chinese ambassador to Cape Verde; Cape Verde may be selected as one of the six special trade areas. Sun supports the selection of Cape Verde due to its strategic geographical location. Sun added that he, together with the Chinese Embassy in Cape Verde were making great efforts to ensure that the Chinese government selects Cape Verde among the six trade areas. However, the decision by the Chinese government would depend on a number of other factors such as Cape Verde’s links to other African nations and the nation’s infrastructure. Jorge Borges, the foreign minister of Cape Verde emphasized on Cape Verde’s interest to Beijing authorities in holding the special trade area. He also emphasized on the nation’s strategic geographical location between Europe and the Americas, social stability, and the peace that abounds, making it favorable for economic undertakings. The support of Cape Verde’s selection as an African Economic Zone b y the Chinese ambassador and the Chinese Embassy in Cape Verde is a great step in the attainment of Cape Verde’ s economic goals. Cape Verde’s interest in becoming an African Economic Zone is also a considerable factor. Another advantage comes from the fact that the nation’s geographical location is no doubt strategic and will promote businesses in Africa, Europe, and the

Econometrics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econometrics - Assignment Example Frequently Box and Jenkin’s is an iterative method and there may be competing candidates to describe a series. To achieve stationarity or remove trend two techniques are usually applied. The first one involves fitting either a parametric model or a spline function. In this case the ARMA model is applied to the residuals. Alternatively, Box and Jenkins recommended taking suitable differences of the process to achieve stationarity. Here the assumption is that the original series is ARIMA and the difference gives rise to the ARMA series. To determine whether the series has been reduced to a stationary series, one may look at the autocorrelations. For a stationary series, the autocorrelation sequence would converge to 0 quickly as lag increases. The time plot given in Figure 2 is already a stationary series as there is no evidence of any trend. Both autocorrelation plot and partial autocorrelation plot need to be looked at simultaneously. The partial autocorrelation become 0 at lag p+1 or greater when the process is AR(p). Strictly speaking the largest PAC is at lag 2 and the second largest at lag 24. These are the only two significant partial autocorrelations. When consider the ACF at lag 24, no significance is noted. However at lag 16 ACF is significant, but no corresponding significance is noted in PACF. The two components of the observation vector y, the predicted part X ÃŽ ²-hat, and the residual y - X ÃŽ ²-hat are orthogonal. They are uncorrelated and since they follow multivariate normal distribution, they are also independent. Any function of the predicted random vector and any function of the residual vector will also be independently distributed. Using (9) and (12) given in Lecture 5 and using the result that ratio of two independent chi-square variables divided by their respective degrees of freedom, follows an F distribution with proper d.f. the F-statistic for testing parameter of linear regression

Construction Engineering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Construction Engineering - Assignment Example When the constructed facility is offered proper management and maintenance, the facility may last 100 years or more; the facility is also capable of serving different functions within the specified time. The actual lifetime of a property is dependent on a number of factors, including the quality of design, the durability of the materials used for the construction, the quality of the facility and the technology used (Edwards, Bartlett and Dickie 2-7). Other factors determining the lifetime of the facility include the local climate and the location, extent of use and the damage caused by human errors and natural disasters. The components of a project’s life cycle include the initiation phase, which entails the determination of the timing and the scope of the given project. The second component is the planning phase, where the detailed planning of the project takes place, and the actions aimed at the completion of the plan are started. The third is the execution phase, where the action items are implemented, and physical deliverables are delivered. The fourth component is the close-out phase, which covers the wrap-up of the project. It entails summarizing the lessons and the successes of the project to the different stakeholders (Edwards, Bartlett & Dickie 2-7). Qn. 2. The problems facing the Canadian construction industry include global climate change. With the increasing focus on the energy consumed, and the carbon dioxide released by different building models. For this reason, industry players are obligated to work hard, towards the renovation or the replacement of the buildings that don’t offer a minimal environmental effect. For instance, achieving carbon neutrality, while at the same time ending up with a considerable return on investment has forced industry experts to promote the reduction of fossil-fuel consumption (Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure). For these different reasons, industry leaders are forced to renovate existing facilities an d to develop new building models. The second challenge is the aging infrastructure, where buildings and other infrastructure like roads need to be changed, redeveloped or renovated, depending on their economic and environmental impact. For example, in some economies, statistics show that traffic congestion costs the economy, more than $67.5 billion a year, through fuel wastage and lost productivity. Further, construction industry leaders faced the challenge of replacing substandard bridges and roads, which are mentioned as factors contributing to highway accidents (Ontario Ministry of Infrastructure). There is the challenge of a shrinking workforce, noting that Canadian statistics show that, as of 2016, there will not be enough people to replace the retiring workforce. This is a challenge, because the reduction in the workforce will reduce the capacity of the industry to deliver the developments, and the changes desired. There is the challenge of a declining productivity of construc tion firms. This is mainly caused by the competitiveness required from industry players, which is forcing some to exit the industry. As compared with the productivity of the non-farm productive areas over the years, which has grown by about 200 percent, the