Roger Rosenblatts Screams From Somewhere Else :: Screams From Somewhere Else

Roger Rosenblatts Screams From Somewhere ElseScreams From Somewhere Else, written by Roger Rosenblatt holds many points within the circumstance of the story. The main point that this story portrays is embedded within the storys structure. there are many scenarios that behave to the main theme, which in this case is how nightspot or individuals react to the screams that are being heard. One grammatical case that reflects the main point is that of the beaten six-year old peasant. In this case the father causing the child to die of the beatings was abusing both the child and the mother. Even though the couple verbally expressed other stories that were false, concerned neighbors still placed calls to the police. Eventually the screams stopped delinquent to the child dying and the couple being charged with murder. This is a clear example of how decree doesnt listen to the alarms of other people lives. A nonher example from the text deals with the fact that it is in your power whet her to act or ignore the scream. The 1964 case depicts Kitty Genovese as a helpless woman in need of assistance. Unfortunately, the woman screamed for help and nobody came to her aid. This scenario demonstrates how society chose to ignore her calls due to personal reasons. In response to the main point I believe that society should react in a helping manner because of the fact that we need to decrease the violent acts that are being carried out by our fellow people. There is a saying by an un pick outn poet that clearly explains my believe. The says goes like this, Eyes or ears who dont look nor listen is like a feel that doesnt feel. We need to cooperate with one another so we can grow and better communicate with each other. Contributing to this cause can lead us to a better life. On the contrary individuals who choose not to become involved, dont have to put up with the problems other peoples ability have. This can cause the individuals to live a more productive and stress-free life. This could be looked at by other people as a sign of not caring and for the most part being afraid that something might happen to them. Society rejects helping them due to these causes and for the simple fact that they dont know what to do. In my life I have many unjust acts.

Directors Notes Act 3 Scene 5 of Romeo and Juliet :: Romeo and Juliet Shakespeare Theatre Essays

Directors Notes Act 3 Scene 5 of Romeo and JulietFollowing our breif meeting yesterday, I thought you may apreciatesome extra data about Act 3 Scene 5. I belive you are stillunsure on some of the lines so I hope you give bob up the followinginstructions helpful.Firstly it may help if I explain how this scene fits into the goldbrick asa whole. This is an important scene as it shows Juliets kinshipwith her father, her fathers status in the play and Juliets views onhow she is treated as a child in the sixteenth century. Before thisscene happens Tybalt a member of the Capulet family is killed by aMontague, this causes a lot of stress in the Capulet household andwhen Capulet enters Juliets room he notices that she is crying,Capulet thinks this is because of Tybalt being killed but the auditionwill know that this is because of your marriage to Paris. later on thisscene there will be a great deal of tension between you and Capulet.I feel this scene is very important as it shows the d eterioration ofJuliet and Capulets relationship. I think that Shakespeare includedthis scene in the play because if it is acted correctly then it will drive home a huge impact on the audience.The stage will be quite simmilar to the sixteenth century stage, itwill just be updated for recent technology, it will have the samebasic bodily structure including the two pillars in the middle of the stage,also the audience will still be sitting around the outside of thestage. The ceiling will not be the same ornate celing, it will be veryplain as this is where the lighting and special effects will comefrom, also the ceiling will be higher as this way it will not benoticed as part of the scenery. The back of the stage will still havethe stairway in the centre but the surroundings will be plain and moremodern. I have chosen this setting for the play as I feel the role ofCapulet will be stronger in a modern day setting. This will be becausea modern day audience will think that the way Capulet treats Julietand Lady Capulet is not fair and I feel this will have a huge impacton the play as a whole.As Capulet enters the room this will be a great entrance as he needsto be seen with great power, so there will be a loud slamming of adoor as he enters and walks towards you. Capulet needs to be noticed

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Economic Principles Some of the most heated debates in macroeconomics in recent years have been concerned with the causes and consequences of lump, the family relationship between fanfare and unemployment, and appropriate policy responses. Inflation and Unemployment in the AS-AD Model Inflation may be defined, for our purposes, as the proportionate increase in the price level per period of time. Another way of looking at inflation would be to point out that as the price level rises the real take to be of a given nominal amount of cash falls, so that is to say that as the price level rises $1 will buy less and fewer goods. Thus, inflation might, alternatively, be defined as the proportionate decline in the purchasing power of a given nominal amount of money. In this sense, inflation is a monetary phenomenon. Therefore, Laidler and Parkin argue that its importance stems from the pervasive role played by money in a modern economy. Friedman goes further than this and argues tha t inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon and can be produced only by a more rapid increase in the quantity of money than in output. He clearly has views not only on what inflation is, but also on what causes it. By no means all economists adjudge with Friedman on the causes of inflation, and it is such issues, which are the focus of much of this chapter. There is also much disagreement a splurge the consequences of inflation. Most would agree that a short bout of inflation, or a persistent but well-predicted one, would not be as harmful as a persistent and unpredictable bout of inflation. Even for the latter(prenominal) case there are those who argue that the consequences are not that serious, while others argue that unpredictable inflation distorts the mec... ...lated by discounting the income, but to the permanent magnitudes. To take the positive case as illustration Wn is wealth possessed by an individual during his whole life and Yn is the average (permanen t) lifetime income. This novel definition of terms is near connected to Friedmans research on the consumption function4, and it is very significant to his theory. Friedman applies his concept of permanent income to the theory of money demand, too. Permanent income is the return on a rather widely defined stock of nominal wealth. The latter consists of Money a means of payment with a constant face value that does not yield interest Bonds interest bearing securities with a constant face value Equalities claims on the profits of a firm Physical goods and Human capital. Hence, Ln = f (P, rB, rE, P/ P, Yn p/r) (+) (-) (-) (-) (+)

Bungee Jumping :: essays research papers

bungee Jumping     Bungee jumping is a dramatic play that has dramatic totallyy evolved over the pastcouple decades. Bungee jumping has evolved into a sport of art and thrill. Asa tribal tradition, the ritual was soon integrate with a bungee cord. Bungeejumping spread rapidly throughout the world, ever-growing in popularity.Detai take designs and engineering have helped to take bungee jumping to all newlimits. An array of prices depicts a variety of heights, harnesses, andlocations of sites. Bungee jumping saturnineers many diverse medical advantages. Newinnovations in the bungee field have led to all new rides and adventures.Bungee jumping is a sport that enables a person to prove something to themselves,regardless of age, sex, religion, or race.     Bungee jumping is based on an age-old ritual practise by the landdivers of Pentecost island in the South Pacific archipelago of Vanuatu. Youngmen proved their courage by plummeting off giant towers. Every spring villagersthere collect liana vines and wind them into long cords. The men then scale sixstory wooden towers, attach the vines or so their ankles and jump. Asuccessful leap is considered a demonstration of courage. In 1979, a bungeecord was incorporated with this tribal ritual. Members of the OxfordUniversitys Dangerous Sports Club read closely and designed a safe form of thepractice. Atop the Golden Gate Bridge, dressed in tuxedos and top hats, thefirst form of bungee jumping came to existence. In 1987, bungee jumping movedto the American commercial scene. Two brothers, John and Peter Kockelman, beganjumping from bridges over river gorges in the Sierras. Recognizing the sportscommercial potential, they opened Bungee Adventures in 1988.     Bungee jumping spread rapidly throughout the world, ever-growing inpopularity. Bungee jumping became national crazes in many areas. After the useof a bungee cord was thought of, the idea first spread thr ough New Zealand.From here, Australia and France soon caught on and joined the sport. This newhobby, predominantly known and practiced only by skydivers, rock climbers, andother extremists caught the worlds attention and spread like a wild fire. InAmerica, bungee jumping was also proving popular. The first commercial bungeebusiness began thirty minutes outside San Diego, CA. Commercial sites inColorado and Utah soon began to pop up. Expansions of these businesses now helpto cover or so every western state. Bungee Jumpings popularity has helped itto become an officially recognized sport. National Freestlye BungeeChampionships are held each year and are broadcasted on a flesh of channelsincluding ESPN 2."     Detailed designs and engineering have helped to take bungee jumping to

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Behavioral approach is more so mental and shown by actions. You notice a lot of things on ones face and through their actions. If Jake is looking concerned, biting fingernails, avoiding eye contact, or even crying it wouldnt take a long sentence for a psychologist to visually detect his distressed behavior may be connected to anxiety. When Jake goes to therapy there will be a lot of questions such as what persuades the anxiety and the nervous behavior and then stimulating it. He has to identify the problems for what they are, and answer in ways that actually calm, rather than worsen, your body and your attitude. Behavior doesnt touch the mind, so treating anxiety with only behavioral methods wouldnt be the best way to treat anxiety. Except if its paired with Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy which is the thinking of disconfirming thoughts and thinking in a more realistic and helpful manner.Humanistic approach is self-satisfying and, pressures the good in human behavior besides Jake may do not had a problem before college, and his anxiousness appeared to have started after he started taking ...

Essay --

Behavioral approach is more so mental and shown by actions. You notice a lot of things on ones face and through their actions. If Jake is looking concerned, biting fingernails, avoiding eye contact, or even crying it wouldnt take a long clock for a psychologist to visually detect his distressed behavior may be connected to anxiety. When Jake goes to therapy there will be a lot of questions such as what persuades the anxiety and the nervous behavior and then stimulating it. He has to identify the problems for what they are, and answer in ways that actually calm, rather than worsen, your body and your attitude. Behavior doesnt touch the mind, so treating anxiety with only behavioral methods wouldnt be the best way to treat anxiety. Except if its paired with Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy which is the thinking of blackball thoughts and thinking in a more realistic and helpful manner.Humanistic approach is self-satisfying and, pressures the good in human behavior besides Jake may start not had a problem before college, and his anxiousness appeared to have started after he started taking ...

An Introduction to the Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Integrated Transport Plan of Ghana Essay

The Strategic Environmental Assessment ( sea) of the Integrated Transport Plan (ITP) is one of the main components of the Transport Sector Planning and consolidation Programme (TSPIP), which is go fored by the European Union.The other components of the TSPIP are A head welkin integration plan that provides the strategic framework and action plans to support the serve up of channel integration in Ghana over the short, medium and long-term (provisionally 5, 10 and 20 years) A set of indicators enabling the sector to varan its performance Technical assistance to improve sector public finance management Technical assistance to support policy implementation and planning in the sector Capacity Building at the Ministry of Transportation and the Ministry of Roads & Highways.The TSPIP is expected to provide a sound planning framework for the transport sector, informing the sectors service and investment priorities, meeting the needs stemming from economic development, regional inte gration and social cohesion, as defined in the national development agendum and at ECOWAS level.On 22nd December 2008, M/s Mott MacDonald Ltd, in association with Municipal Development Collaborative Ltd, was awarded the contract to carry out the SEA of the Integrated Transport Plan. The study is being carried out under the supervision of the Ministry of Roads & Highways.Focus of SEA of the ITPThe overall objective of the SEA of the ITP is to mainstream environmental considerations into transport sector planning. The term environment in relation to this SEA covers the natural, physical, socio-economic, socio-cultural and institutional environments in which decisions are made (ref. SEA of GPRS, 2004)The specific objective of the SEA is to dole out the environmental issues associated with the Integrated Transport Plan.The SEA study will deliver the following An assessment of the potentially significant environmental issues arising out of the proposed ITP An assessment of the opportu nities to embolden/enhance environmental conditions and risks that lead to unsustainable outcomes Recommendations for mitigating or complementary measures.The SEA approach will involve significant stakeholder consultation throughout the process, identifying problems, issues and alternatives, as well as mitigation measures. The added benefit of this approach is that it will provide an element of capacity building among all the stakeholders involved and will contribute to inter-ministerial and inter-departmental cooperation.In the absence of buckram regulatory guidance for SEA in Ghana, this SEA is guided by current Ghana EPA practices and procedures, the EU SEA Directive, and the Transport Analysis Guidance unit 2.11 on Strategic Environmental Assessment for Transport Plans and Programmes (December 2004), as well as OECD SEA Guidelines (2006).Inception PhaseThe Inception phase was carried out in Feburary and March 2009. The inception phase activities included reviewing data and r eports in order to be able to fully understand the current situation with regard to the transport sector and any proposed future plans, and reviewing and describing the institutional, legal and regulatory framework applicable to the transport sector and the strategic environmental assessment.The Inception Report was submitted in premature March. The report highlighted changes to the approach and workplan for the SEA necessitated by the status of the progress of the preparation of the Integrated Transport Plan. The report also noted discrepancies and deviations, and proposed a way anterior to enable the SEA to deliver recommendations to ensure that the overall sustainability of the TSPIP.The SEA ProcessThe process of the SEA of the ITP will entail the following phases Scoping Analysis Environmental strategy and ReportingAll the above will involve a series of stakeholder workshops and focus group discussions to promote buy-in and ownership by the stakeholders and provide the need ed feedback to the ITP process and outputs.

Beautiful Mind Reflection Paper

Delusions are fixed false ideas that are not based in reality an moral was when John saw his oldtimer telling him to kill his wife and the wife had to quickly ran out of the house. Illusions are false perceptions of real stimulus, he actually was misrepresenting things he sees around that they are harmful to him so he is ever ready to attack. Hallucinations are false sensory inputs with no external stimulus, it may take the reverberate of smells, sounds, tastes, sight, touch, or feelings of altered internal workings of the body.Assessment Pertinent questions to ask the diligent having hallucinations are as follows ask the patient if he sees things when other tribe are not present, ask how many different voices does the patient hear, what do the voices ask the patient to do, ask if the patient recognize any of the voices, what the voices ask him to do and how does he/ she feel about the voices.John Nashs other schizophrenic behaviors in graduate school makes him to see things di fferently from others, he was not associating himself and so he couldnt make any friends, an example was during a party were everyone were drinking and chatting he was only fitting to see the dazzling glasses with the rays of sprightly on it, also at a bar he said something annoying to a lady that was looking for a date or plausibly someone to buy her a drink and the girl was angry, gave him a slap and walked away out of the bar.His schizophrenia affect his self talk be social crusade he was always talking to himself because he was see a friend he thought was real and interacting with. John basically could not take care of his body, he is miss self care deficit-bathing and I think John is having a dis organize subtype of schizophrenia because of his disorganized thinking, speech, and behavior also he is socially inept and unable to perform activities of daily living. Nursing diagnosesRisk for self directed violence related to reality distortion as evidenced in the patient fr ee behaviors that could result in self harm and harm to others. Social isolation related to maladaptive social behavior as evidenced in the patient repetitive meaningless behaviors or behavior unacceptable to significant others. Goal Goals pertinent for John is to be able to develop ways to be much involved with others in an appropriate way and to develop a more satisfying relationship. Nursing interventionsWhen John was taken away he strike the headhunter because he did not want to be sent for treatment and he was been angry as a result of his disordered thinking and loosely organized hallucinations. This type of schizophrenic symptoms is dangerous because he office be hearing voices that tells him to harm others or even himself. Some of the medical treatments for psychiatric illnesses that existed in the 1940s and 1950s are psychoanalysis, insulin therapy, electroconvulsive (shock) therapy, and water/ ice therapy.John received the insulin therapy while he was hospitalized. Afte r discharge from the hospital, John is taking Thorazine and the reasons he had for cheeking his pills and stock certificate piling them in the drawer was because whenever he takes his pills he wont be able to respond to his wife or function effectively as a man of the house. It is important to assess the clients mouth after taking his medication so as to be sure the client actually swallowed the pills and not hide them in his cheeks.Supporting significant others Alicia did not have any support system or help in feel for for her preserve when he returned from the hospital. Planning The nursing diagnosis that would describe Alicia as she care for a new baby and a mentally ill husband is Care giver role strain. The intervention that could be implemented to help Alicia and John is to encourage Alicia to identify available family and friends who can assist with caregiving.The short circumstance discharge goal for John is that he would take his medication at the required time of the day everyday John will be able to relate with his wife and significant others appropriately. Implementation The advantage that modern drugs like Olanzapine have over the older drugs like chlorpromazine(Thorazine) is that Thorazine are low forcefulness antipsychotics while Olanzapine exhibits strong adrenergic and anticholinergic blocking action effective for aggressive behaviors in schizophrenia and psychotic disorders.An increase in temperature is a cause for concern because it can make the client taking antipsychotics physical condition to decline rapidly and this adverse reaction is called Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), also respiratory or urinary tract side effects would be worrisome because these are signs of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. It is important to do an AIMS assessment for persons taking an antipsychotic so as to be able to determine if the person is having a tardive dyskinesia symptoms as a result of the medications. AIMS stands for Abnormal involunt ary movement scale. EvaluationsIn the last scene, as John is walking up to get his noble prize the extrapyramidal side effects he does have from a long term antipsychotic use is tardive dyskinesia and a prophylactic antiparkinson drugs may be prescribed to combat the adverse effects from antipsychotics such as haloperidol (haldol). Modern antipsychotics are less likely to cause these symptoms because blocks neurotransmission produced by dopamine ay synapse. Reflection I was really surprised to get to know towards the end of the moving-picture show that Charles was imagined and I didnt actually know what to believe was real an unreal about Johns life.John actually learn to ignore the imagined Charles and his boss at the DOD (big brother). Infact it is really pathetic to know that a mentally ill person see things that doesnt even exist and that attributes a piling to the abnormal behaviors they exhibit when they are with people. I think a mentally ill person wouldnt believe those t hings are just imagination and that might make them very aggressive when it seems people dont understand them or see things and hear voices they do hear.

Casey Heynes †Victim Story Newspaper Article Essay

In just one week, Casey Heynes went from having one friend to 230,000. The 16-year-old Sydney boy became a global Internet wizardry later on he was record picking up a bully in the schoolyard and throwing him to the ground after being repeatedly punched in the face for being overweight.During an interview with A Current Affair , Casey said he had been bullied almost every day at school and even contemplated suicide a year ago when the taunts became too much.I started putting myself down and all the crap just kept piling on, he said.Thats when I contemplated suicide.A Year 10 student at Chifley College, St Marys, Casey said he was being targeted by a new gang of Year Seven students last Monday when he was attacked by Ritchard Gale. Standing up once against the wall with nowhere to move, Casey was punched repeatedly by Ritchard until he snapped lifting the Year Seven bully over his shoulders and throwing him to the ground. The footage was captured by another student, who filmed the incident on his mobile phone and then posted it on YouTube. Casey said his outburst was a build-up of more than three years of being attacked verbally and physically by other students.They used to slap me on the back of the head and said I was a fatty and to lose some weight.Ive been duct taped to a pole before as easily. They target me because I dont retaliate.Ive never reacted that way before entirely everything built up inside me for three yearsI just had enough. All I wanted is for it to stop.His celebrity status peaked once again after his interview last night, with social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter which have more than 230,000 followers labelling him a hero.One blogger, Wayne McCoy, said minutes after the television interview You have inspired a lot of kids who have and are being bullied. you have changed lives. well done mate. hopefully the bullies will assure their lesson.Others, like Aidan Blackley, said Good on ya ur a legend.Casey said he had been overwhelmed by the amount of people who backed him after last weeks footage went viral.Ive never had so much support before, he said.Nobody touches me and teases me anymore.Both Casey and Ritchard were suspended by the school following the incident, as well as the student who filmed it on their mobile phone.

The Indolence of the Filipinos

My topic to be discussed is regarding the fifth installment of Jose Rizal in his essay Sobre La Indolencia De Los Filipinos or The Indolence of the Filipinos. In my presentation, I will save sight and explain to you the core concepts found in this installment which is what Jose Rizal wants to address to his readers.Illustrated and highlighted in my topic ar the causes of indolence, the effects of the influence of climate to the indolence of the Filipinos, the manifestations from the part of the governance and church to their contribution to the causes and effects of indolence in the communities during Spanish period, the governments action towards it and its effects, and the solutions Rizal had concluded to stop this symptom of a countrys indifference to its ills.In the preceding chapter, it talked about the causes that proceed from the government in fostering and maintaining the evil that we are discussing. This part analyzes the causes which proceed and emanate from the people itself. harmonise to Rizal, these causes can be reduced to two factors. The first factor is the limited training and education Filipino natives receive or the defects of training. Segregated from the Spaniards, Filipinos do non receive the same opportunities that are available to the foreigners. Filipinos are taught to be inferior.The second factor is the lack of unity among all Filipino natives or the lack of topic sentiment. Because Filipinos think that they are inferior, they submit to the foreign culture and do everything to imitate it. The lack of national sentiment also brought to life another evil and is divided up into two classes. And what are these? These two classes are the absence of all opposition to measure prejudicial to the people and the absence of any initiative in some(prenominal) may redound to its good. A man in the Philippines is considered only an individual, and not a member of a nation.He is forbidden and denied the right of association, and is, theref ore, weak and sluggish. And as a result of those and when prejudicial measure is ordered, (1) no mavin protest, all goes well until later the evils are felt (2) no one has neither the restiveness nor voice (3) all keeps silent and remains with the need (4) All suffer and pine away from fear of receiving a scolding (5) and the worst, administrative positions fall to the Filipinos who are the most stupid and incapable men, those who submit to everything.Of the influence of the climate talked about in the beginning, Rizal mentioned in this operate installment the effects that had arise from it. The first one resulted from the very limited training at home, the tyrannical and sterile education of the rare centers of learning, and the influence by people in the mind so that a man would not aspire to excel those who preceded him and is what we call stagnation or nonproductive or being inactive. Indolence is a corollary derived from the lack of stimulus and of vitality.The second one re sulted from the insinuated inferiority of the Filipinos which is convinced by the brutalization or harassment of ones self by education, the exchange of usages and sentiments among different nations, and the Filipinos susceptibility which allows him to be guided by his fancy and his self-love. This is called the Spirit of Rivalry in which if by some rare incidents, when others excel, instead of his example stimulating, it only causes others to persist in their inactivity or being unproductive.The third one is nurtured by the anchorites of a contemplative and lazy life which made the natives resort to spend their life in adult their gold to the Church in the hope of miracles and other wonderful things. Their will is hypnotized by the friars that from childhood they learned to act mechanically through the make for imposed upon them such as praying for whole hours in unknown tongue, of respecting things that they dont understand, and accepting beliefs that are not explained to them w hile even protests of reasons from them are repressed.The last one is the origin of Filipinos indolent disposition which had resulted from all his energies paralyzed and the severity of the climate, which is called eternal vacillation or being hesitant or indecision in his speech and action. From the causes and effects mentioned, the evil coming from the part of the government and the church in their contribution towards the Filipinos Indolence were manifested in this installment also which is why natives suave hardly prosper in free and well-organized communities.This manifestations were (1) inefficiency in the lower spheres of power and ignorance and indifference in the upper, since then the lower spheres were headed by incapable people which only submit about to anything what the upper officials will instruct to them, (2) frequent changes and eternal apprenticeships, (3) great fear and many administrative obstacles, (4) voiceless people, (5) employees who nearly all extend to t o amass a fortune, and (5) inhabitants who live in great hardship from the instant they begin to breathe, create prosperity, agriculture and industry, found enterprises and companies, since the Spaniards would not want that Filipino natives would be much richer than them because they are afraid that people will not follow them anymore.Proposals were raised from the government to combat Filipinos Indolence such as increasing natives inescapably and raising the taxes but since the proposals didnt came from a profound study of the evil that afflicts us, instead the effects were even worst since criminals have multiplied and the penury has been aggravated. why?Because the Filipinos already had enough needs with his functions in the Church as imposed by the Spanish friars, with the fiestas, with the public offices forced on him, and the donations and bribes that he had to make so that he may drag out himself from the anger of the Spaniards. It was too much for them. Here, Jose Rizal str esses out the true solution Filipinos need to solve this problem of indolence. And it is a reform, a reform which requires education and liberty for the Filipino natives. Rizal had said that Filipinos should not be begrudged of educational opportunities and that all policies will be sincere and consistent or super civilizing to all of them.

Book Value, Liquidation Value and Market Value of Shares Essay

hold up quantify The book esteem of ordinary administer is the mesh worth of a corporation slight the par value of preference shares outstanding divided by the number of ordinary shares outstanding. Suppose the remuneration worth of a company contains the following information viz Preference shares (Rs. 100 per share) 1000000. 00 Ordinary share (Rs. 5 per share) 1500000. 00 Share premium 1000000. 00 Retained earnings 500000. 00 4000000. 00 Book value of ordinary share 300000/30000 = 10 per shareTheoretically, the book value of a share should correspond to the liquidating value of the company however, in reality this military position never occurs. Only if the assets of a company can be liquidated for the book values shown on the financial statements, then book value per share is correspond to the liquidating value per share. Even, then if liquidating costs are high, the liquidating value per share will be less than book value per share.For many companies, the liquidating val ue per share is less than book value per share because many of the assets can be liquidated only at reduced prices. However, some companies carry certain assets notably, land mineral rights at modest values on their books relative to the market value of the asset. For these companies, the liquidating value per share may be significantly higher than the book value. Sometimes, investors calculate the net working capital per share in order to obtain a more conservative estimate of the possible liquidating value of a company.Market value The market value per share is the current price at which the stock is traded. For listed companies and the shares of a company which are actively traded in the stock markets, market price quotations are readily available. However, the market for the shares of many companies is thin and inactive, so that market price information about its shares is difficult to obtain. Even when obtainable, the information may think over only the sale of a few shares and not specify the market value of the firms as a whole.For companies of this sort, care must be taken in interpreting market price information. The market value of ordinary share usually differs considerably from its book value and its liquidating value. Market value is a run low of the current and expected future dividends of the company and the perceived risk of the shares on the part of investors. Because these factors bear only a partial relationship to the book value and the liquidating value of the company, the market value per share is not tied closely to these values.

Talent TV, the Reality

AGAZINE ARTICLE genius TV, the reality. Talent TV Your one big chance to humiliate yourself world tremendous in front of a live audience and a panel of overly critical judges, with the often slim chance of getting yourself somewhere in life other than Youve been framed. A chance for the Talent TV audience to express their schadenfreude based humour by booing and taunting the not-so- givinged.So youve decided to enter the talents TV show Britains got talent, due to the misleading nods and smiles of encouragement from your not really listening mother. Only to go to the producers auditions where, instead of woof just the talented acts and saving mislead people like yourself from public humiliation, send you through leaving you with the impression that you atomic number 18 in fact talented.Then comes the reasonably tedious public audition process, where if youre lucky Simon Cowell will compare you to some kind of tone-deaf animal and that will be the end of it, all the same the s lightly more unpropitious will be booed off stage by the audience themselves. However you will still put up to wait and chance on how horribly you did from each of the judges in turn and unnecessarily officialise that is a definite no before finally leaving the stage, your dreams and your ability to go out without being noticed as that rejected contestant behind.In the society, day and age we live in eachbody seems to have the impression that derivative ideas are the fashion to go. Therefore being the reason for the hundreds of talent TV shows now drowning our TV guides Britains got talent, American idol, x-factor, The voice, Britain and Irelands succeeding(a) top model and Americas next top model, which are only the start of an endless list of mind-numbing programs now available.However the shows are not the only derivative idea in the consentient Talent TV ordeal, the acts in which are performed seem to have lost originality as the years go on. Every act is more or less all told predictable, seen as though the variety is so little. There is singing, dancing, dog acts, sometimes magic acts and some sort of comedy performance (deliberately or not) within every episode and every series. Therefore meaning mine and everyone elses expectations of something completely new is very little.And as if humiliating just the rejected contestants isnt enough, the integral town in which the contestant is from seems to go down with them, on multiple occasions Britains got talent, has been reviewed and remarks such as Britains got talent, more like Britain lacks talent, have been included, which leaves the very country proud people more than a little humiliated as well. However many people, half of which being the winners of the show themselves, view that Talent TV is merely a once in a life story opportunity to become famous.This would possibly be true if you werent allowed to go into yourself in the upcoming auditions for the next show. People may argue this side of things but really sometimes all we need is someone to laugh at rather than ourselves. So what happens to the rejected once their auditions have been aired? Well they get to live a life of either having no life whatsoever, by not leaving the house, or leaving their houses just to be chased back in with comments like hey, I saw you on Britains got talent you were awful. Those who compete in the first place have to have a very strong personality, one which isnt affected by snide remarks from the public, or if it really was incredibly horrible, remarks from the press too. On the less embarrassing and more glamorous side of Talent TV many future celebrities such as groups like One Direction, Little Mix or diversity are found in the hundreds of auditions, for people like these and sometimes the odd finalist/semi-finalist a whole new world of opportunities opens up for them, so in some way Talent TV could be seen as a one way tag to fame, that is if you have talent.So if you find yours elf, adult or child, even contemplating entering into the time-wasting competitions for Talent TV save yourself the humiliation of Simon Cowells metaphors, schadenfreude based humours and mislead interpretations by ensuring you are worthy of getting through at least the auditions. However, if prove worthy in front of Simon Cowell and his panel of criticizing judges, you may be on the road to achieving your lifetime wishes, that is if you are prepared for the bumpy ride ahead.

Myopia of Learning Essay

larn processes be powerful aids to intelligence but sometime they fail in coping with confusing experience and complicated problems because they do non take in consideration distant times, distant place and failures. The first step in overcoming these limitations is recognizing them and trying to avoid so they would not effect negatively in our performance. Experience is often a poor teacher. Drawing culture from experiences is commonality in the business world but we go to forget that these conclusions are merely just point of views of went wrong or not with a decision.Learning from experiences can make you fall in repetition if you see that this way of doing things did actually brought the desired outputs. By doing so we tend to forget that not each issue has the same circumstances and qualities so the same thing that worked in another issue may not work in this task. Details and occasion are two main factors that sometimes can guide you in a performance that can be success ful or a failure. Experiences from the record of the organization are cuted also by the memory, conflict, turnover, and decentralization that make it difficult to be a reliable source of experience.That is why sometime experiences supply a misleading route in coping with problems. Learning is a process and people can perform differently. There are people that evolve knowledge at different paces some are what we call fast apprentice and slow ones. If we put these two persons in the same start, the fast learner would learn quickly and perform the activity faster than the other one. This means that the other person would never have the chance to do something and this testament narrow its possibilities to progress and learn.In an organization you will find people that are inactive because they do not have the chance to be active so you will tend to rely more on the faster learner. The manager will help more in building a wall that will end up by firing the slow learner. Learning g ives you a broad image of the short-run activities but it fails to give you a solution to the long haul ones. For example now we learn things that maybe in some years will be irrelevant due to the advancing of the technology and globalization, that change the markets every minute we learn.That means that you stay stuck in time, even though the market is developing and changing. You tend to apply exploitation when maybe it is exploration time and tend to apply exploration when you should apply exploitation. This imbalance is due to the skill process because you tend to apply the easiest and quickest way of dealing with an issue In conclusion learning is a process that has limitations when we have temporal myopia (short-run goals are being overestimate), spatial myopia (effect that occurs near to the learner) and failure myopia (we tend not to recognize failure and attribute them to luck).If we avoid these limitations and try not to be influenced by biases, learning can be rewarding. Our life is a journey of learning only that not every issue can be alike, so there is no perfect solution to all our problems but there are approaches from our experience that can be changed to suit a new issue. Work Cited Levinthal,Daniel & March, James. The myopia of learning. Strategic Management Journal (1986-1988) Winter 1993 14, Special issue ABI/IFORM Global.

The Chinese Massacre of 1603

The murder of 1603 Chinese perception of the Spaniards in the Philippines Jose Eugenio Borao bailiwick Taiwan University From a historiographic point of view, the mishap of 1603 acqu pettishnesss special significance in the long and tragic autobiography of Chinese massacres in the Philippines. For comp argond to all the rest, this has been the best chronicled, non single in Spanish, nevertheless(prenominal) excessively in Chinese sources. Moreover, both accede in the presendation of accompani handsts and are alike in the ordering of events.When these sourcesespecially the Chinesebegin their cypher of the massacre, they refer to a remote, perhaps even unrelated, incident that is, nevertheless(prenominal), significant. The tension started in 1593, when 250 Chinese were forcibly recruited to row the ships which Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, and then Philippine regulator general, sent to conquer the Moluccas Islands. Soon later on(prenominal) ward they set sail, the Chinese in the flag ship present a mutiny, kill Dasmarinas, and took over the vessel. Weeks later, the discussion of the murdered governor, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, then based in Cebu, sought vengeance to fall on the heads of the culprits.To do this, he asked for assistance from the Chinese authorities of Fujian, who wel take afterd the young Dasmarinas ambassadors and offered them their serve healthful as well. The second episode happened 10 old age later, in the spring of 1603, when cardinal mandarins arrived in Manila on a strange mission to reconnoiter a mountain of capital abundant with trees that bore gold. This visit raised the suspicion of the Spaniards in the Philippines, already so accustomed to intermittent threats of conquest, lift officularly from the Nipponese. They concluded that this was probably an advance party for a future twenty-four hour period invasion of Manila.At that time, the Chinese in this city were almost 10 times the number of Spaniards. The third eve nt, the Sangley be write out, happened in autumn of that uniform year. The grounds for this uprising remain unclear. The motives range from the desire of the Chinese to dominate Manila, to their wanting to abort the Spaniards moves that come observed to lead to their elimination. After initial uncertainty as to who would eventually win memorialize up, the rebellion was quelled by the Spaniards who, to tucker outher with Filipino and Japanese troops, massacred around 20,000 Chinese.Both our sources besides point to a to a greater extent or less common epilogue. After the Spaniards first com mences at reconciliation and Chinas indignant reactions, both parties r severallyed a new compromise and the agitation easily vanished as though nonhing had happened. Former trade dealing were resumed, allowing the Chinese to settle once again in Manila, even if both sides harbored grudges against each some other for what had happened earlier. What I immediately propose is to try t o bring together give notice (of)s on the massacre, both from the chicanen Spanish sources and from the Chinese founts.The resemblance may allow us to infract chthonicstand the remote and proximate causes of the tragedy of 1603. Itinerario, vol. 23, no. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 1 The sources The Spanish manuscript sources which docu custodyt the massacre are found in their absolutety in the popular Archive of the Indies and were promulgated almost completely in the Colin & Pastells, that is to say, the new edition of the work of Colin, d 1 by Pastells in 19001. Some of them were reproduced immediately afterwards and translated to English, in Blair & Robertson,2 and again soon after by Pastells in his joint work with Navas. These sources may be classified into devil those released during the eventwhich served as news updatesor shortly after the incident, giving a global view of what had happened and those that appear in the books that came disclose nigh that time, situating th e incident within the general context of Philippine history, as Morga4 does in his book, or as part of the conquest of the Moluccas, as Argensola5 approached it in his. The garners and melodic themes from the officers of the royal Audiencia of Manila, and those of the superiors of the mixed religious orders belong to the first type.These registers show to give in- soul viewpoints which, despite the fact that they contest each other, are not contradictory besides rather complimentary. Of course, all deplore the massacre even if they deem it a seriousified, though exaggerated, measure. At the homogeneous time, they differ mainly in the analysis of the means that could have been wantn to avoid it, or of the actions that indirectly provoked it. Argensola tries to consolidate all the entropy that reached the court during the geezerhood immediately after the massacre (he published his work six years after the event), and personal reports from the main players of the give to ngue to event.Argensola may have had the Augustinian Diego de Guevara as his principal source, because this priest moved to Madrid to att end to some(prenominal) of his orders concerns shortly after the incident. The work of Dr. Morga, eyewitness of the events, is briefer and simpler in tackling the topics and conclusions that were being formulated in Manila immediately after the uprising (Morga left Manila in 1606). The Chinese sources, on the other hand, are positive and therefore anonymous. They are briefer than those of the Spaniards, and come along to be less defensive, even if they also imbibem to reflect partisan tendencies. They usually certify provocation on the part of the Chinese expatriates, and yet wane to be judged by fo die harders. These documents sometimes concern specific words or actions of an officer from Fujian, although they Francisco Colin, S. J. Labor evangelica, ministerios a denounceolicos de los obreros de la Compania de Jesus, fundacion y progreso s de su provincia en las Islas Filipinas. Nueva edicion ilustrada con copia de notas y documentos para la critica por el P. Pablo Pastells, S. J. , Vol. II, Barcelona, Imprenta y Litografia de Henrich y Cia, 1900, pp. 18-441. 2 Blair & Robertson, The Philippine Islands (vol. XII, pp. 83-97). 3 Pablo Pastells & Francisco Navas, Catalogo de los documentos relativos a las Islas Filipinas (vol. 5, Barcelona, 1929, pp. LXXVI-CVIII). 4 Antonio Morga, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, Mexico, 1609. We used here the version annotated by Jose Rizal, offset reprinting by the National Commission for the centenary of Jose Rizal, Manila, 1961. 5 Bartolome & Leonardo Argensola. Conquista de las Islas Malucas, Imprenta del Hospicio idyll, Zaragoza 1891. We have used the following references Ming Shi (The History of the Ming Dynasty ), Ed. Ding Wen, Taipei, 1975, Vol. 11 (pp. 8370-8375) Ming Shi Lu (The confessedly History of the Ming Dynasty), prepared by the Academia Sinica, Ed. Zhongwen, Volume s 12 and 13, Taipei, 1961 (pp. 12090, 123030, 12371) Dong Xi Yang Kao (Studies on the Eastern and westbound Oceans), Ed. Taiwan S pay heed Wu, Taipei, 1971 (pp. 57-60) Ming Ching Shi Wen Bien (Anthology of the Official Documents of the Ming Dynasty), Vol. 6, Ed. Zhunghua, Beijing, 1962 (pp. 4727-4728) Huang Ming Xiang Xu Lu Guo Que (National tolls), Ed.Ding Wen, Taipei, 1978, Vol. 8 (p. 4917). I care to thank Prof. Zhang Kai for his priceless help in pointing out these sources, and my research assistant Lin Li-pin for his help in the translation of these materials. 1 Itinerario, vol. 23, no 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 2 generally present themselves as part of an official investigation that was also transmitted officially. Also, since the events happened outdoors China, it is difficult for the imperial officers to verify them, which is why they put forward brief and detached explanations.Nevertheless, the massacre of 1603 happened during a period of stability in the Ming Dynasty olibanu m, their capacity to inquire into and annotate an event that happened outside their shores was much great than, for example, the time when the massacres of 1639 or of 1662 took function. The former happened on the eve of the fall of the Ming Dynasty, slice the latter was much associated with the Ming rampartat that time, Koxinga7 was dying in his Taiwanese hideoutthan with the Manchus, the new powers in China, who were still trying to devote themselves in the country.The incident of October 25, 1593 Let us now foreshorten a brief look at Argensolas account in Chapter 6 of his book. 8 He states that governor Gomez Perez de Dasmarinas prepared four galleys to storm the Moluccas scarce had difficulty finding soldiers to man them. When the flagship was the only one left to be filled, he uniform that of the Chinese contract workers who were entering the Philippines, 250 were to be taken to man the flagship. The Royal Treasury was to pay each one two pesos a month and, in the best of cases, they were only to row in still weather. The Governor forced the governor of the Chinese to get these 250 men who set sail against their will. Finally, on October 17, the marine crew left for Ternate. However, as soon as the flagship moved a short distance off, and the Chinese oarsmen were put to workunaccustomed as they were to the task and spurred on by brutal and menacing forementhe state workers decided to stage an uprising, preferring to die in the attempt than to continue rowing for the Spaniards. The rebellion took stray on the night of October 25, claiming the lives of the Governor himself and a great part of the 80member Spanish crew.The bad weather persisted, which was why the mutineers only went as far as the Ilocos region, where they were assaulted by the indigenes. They left behind the surviving Spaniards, among them, Juan de Cuellar, secretary of the Governor and the Franciscan Montilla, both of who managed to reach the coast. Afterwards, the Chinese decided to sail to China, notwithstanding landed in Vietnam instead, where the index of Tunquin seized their incubus and left the galley to sink in the coast. The Chinese were dispersed and they fled to the different commonwealths. 9 The Spanish survivors communicate Manila of what happened.The rest of the navy based in Cebu beneath the command of the governors son, Luis Perez Dasmarinas, returned to Manila. there, he was nominate interim Governor of the islands. Then a strange thing happened in 1594. In retrospect, this incident realizems to have served as a rehearsal for what was to happen next. That year, the Chinese presumed that the Spanish navy had left for the Moluccas Isles. As Argensola puts it, There appeared in Manila a great number of ships from China, without the customary goods, but rather oppressed with men and weapons.On board were seven mandarins, counted As regards this massacre and the problems of interpretation that arise from consulting and comparing C hinese and Spanish sources, see my recent paper Consideraciones en torno a la imagen de Koxinga vertida por Victorio Ricci en Occidente. Encuentros en Catay, n. 10, 1996. 8 There are discrepancies amidst Argensola and Morga, although these are more a question of details than of arguments. 9 Argensola, Conquista de las, p. 210 7 Itinerario, vol. 23, no(prenominal) 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 3 among the senior Viceroys or Governors of their state of matters nd they went to visit Don Luis with great pomp and an escort of men saying that they were on the lookout for Chinese who were discharge slightly those lands without license. 10 Dasmarinas welcomed them and gave each one a gold chain. In the end, he concluded that they had come either to conquer or to sack Manila, but changed their minds when they saw the presence of the Spanish armada. Argensola adds that since the Chinese who killed Dasmarinas father were from Quan Chou, he sent Fernando de Castro, a cousin of his, to that province to give an account of the mutiny.However, the trip was forestalled due to the bad weather. It is noteworthy that neither Argensola nor Morga says that the Dasmarinas took advantage of the situation to take up the matter with the mandarins (although it seems that he did, as deduced from the Chinese sources that we shall now see). For example, the Dong Xi Yang Gao is more arrant(a) in this respect. It states that Luis Dasmarinas (called Maulin here), immediately after replacing his father, sent some priests to inform the Chinese authorities in Macao about the uprising.These priests bore a letter, the translation of which is conserved in the Chinese sources. It also adds that the magistrates of Fujian continued to forward merchant vessels to bring back the Chinese who had been living in Luzon for too long. According to Argensola, this detail acquiesces with what the mandarins explained to Dasmarinas. The Chinese chronicle continues The governor of Luzon provided these ships with foo d and also gave them a letter (addressed to the Chinese government). He verbally airy his complaints about the way the Chinese treated the murdered governor, his father.And he gave them an edict, sealed in a gold box which, together with the abovementioned letter, was wrapped in red silk and sent to China on a merchant vessel. 11 The three mandarins arrive in Manila (May 1603) We have said that the abovementioned incident does not seem to have anything to do with the one that took property nine years later. However, the parallelism is great, as we shall now see. The events arising from the reach of some other group of mandarins are well documented in the Spanish sources. There are three types of information that are all complimentary.Those from the royal officials, that is, those from the Governor, Don Pedro de Acuna, as well as the listeners of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, who show themselves to be hostile to and suspicious of the governor. The sour ces of the ecclesiastics, and in the third place, the information that the Chinese themselves give, and which they offer in consideration of the Spanish authorities. In particular, a letter write four long time before in the sea by Chanchian, the head of the Chinese outing, and which is submitted to the governor who sends it immediately for translation.Likewise, two more documents moderateing to some petitions of Chinese to the Chinese emperor butterfly, which ended up in the hands of Archbishop Benavides who translated them. He sent the king his own letter whereenriched after his own 10 11 Idem, p. 212. The Dong Xi Yang Kao contains the Chinese translation of Dasmarinas letter which he gave to the mandarins. Here, the alike(p) facts are given, except that the apparent motive of the uprising was more of greed (the ship was pissed off with much gold and silver) than of the cruelty received in the hands of the foremen of the ship, as Argensola would have put it.Itinerario, vol. 23, nary(prenominal) 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 4 inquirieshe makes a very complete analysis of the situation12. Though actually we do not tell apart if Benavides made them Public or not, and therefore if they have to be considered as part of the information that the Spaniards had then. Gathering together all the reports (Argensolas and those of the two judges of the Audiencia, Jeronimo de Salazar and Tellez de Almazan, both hostile toward the governor, Pedro de Acuna), this series of events magnate have had taken place as follows Fri daylight, May 23. Three mandarins landed in Manila, displaying their insignias as judges.With great pomp and an entourage of 50, they sought an audience with the Governor and gave him a letter written four days earlier in the high seas. In the said letter, signed by Chanchian, military foreland of Fujian, the mandarins expounded the reason for this trip. They wished to verify the existence of a fabulous mountain in Cavite, believed to yield 100,000 taele s of gold and 300,000 taeles of silver a year. They claimed that everyone could go and dig there and that the Chinese have already taken a great step of these metals back to China.Chanchian also indicated that he had with him a fellow named Tio Heng, the man who reported to the emperor of the existence of the said mountain, as well as a eunuch called Cochay, who received specific orders from the emperor to investigate the matter. another(prenominal) mandarin was present, besides Cochay and the immediate chief of Chanchian. 13 He added that he did not believe in the existence of much(prenominal) a mountain, and presumed it to be a lie. Nevertheless, the Governor had nothing to fear, since it was his duty to look into the matter.Afterwards, the Governor had them housed in special lodgings inside the city. The fact that they flaunted their insignias as judges and that the Governor allowed them to do so, incurred the ire of the members of the Audiencia. From May 24 to May 26 (Saturday to Monday), the mandarins begin to mete justice on their countrymen. Meanwhile, Salazar, the fiscal of the Audiencia, carries out his own investigation. Within this period, the governor allows the mandarins to bring their entourage to Tondo, where the Christian sangleys live. May 27 (Tuesday).Salazar presents a report in a public session of the Audiencia. The report is ap be and the governor requested to compass point the trading operations of the mandarins so that the investigations may continue. The friction between the Audiencia 12 It does not remain clear how Benavides obtained the two documents, and if he made them cognise to the governor or not. The first (document) is similar in structure to the letter which the governor received from the mandarins, the translation of which he sent to the King, but much more extensive and detailed.Therefore the said document perhaps may be a different version from the letter, made by memory (since he possibly helped in the verbal translat ion of that thing) and completed a posteriori with his own investigations, since at the end of that letter he said I am a man who knows the language of these Chinese and I know a lot about their things and customs of China by having lived with them for many an(prenominal) months and I made it also because I take up this business with suspicion and care as these can be advisors who sack badly on it because of not understanding it (Colin & Pastells, II, p. 415).The second document, different from the letter, is a remonstrance of the emperor by one of his officials. The mandarins presented it to the governor with the intention of giving more credibility to his own letter. Given that the Spaniards did not seem to take it into account, we will not deal with it now, but we will go back to it at the end of our subject area for its clarificatory value. 13 Note that the spelling of the names correspond to the free style of transcribing that the Spanish interpreter had of the Fujianese pr onunciation of the names ( the translation of the document that appears on Blair & Robertson, vol.XII, pp. 83-97, points out in the heading which was made by a Dominican). As will be seen later , the correspondence in mandarin is as follows Chunchian seems to correspond to Gan Yi-chen, Tio Heng to Zhang Yi and Cochay to Gao Tsai. Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 5 and the Governor worsens. Moreover, the judges of the Audiencia complain of being relegated to the sidelines. In the following days, the Audiencia desisted its moves because the Governor last published an edict prohibiting the mandarins from administering their justice and from flaunting their insignias.On the eve of their departure, they go to Cavite to see the said mountain. With them are Second police lieutenant Cervantes, as well as by the governor of the sangleys, Juan Bautista de Vera,14 who seems to have been around all the while. There, Tio Heng, unable to satisfactorily clear himself of the deception , had the Spaniards bearing muckle on him with threats of death. However, the mandarins intercede for his pardon. The Spaniards grow even more suspicious. On the day of their departure, the Governor receives the mandarins and honors them with some gifts.As he sends them off, they apologize for the mix-up they have caused and thus sailed back to China. We can better know the identities of these mandarins and further clarify the case by examining complimentary data from the Chinese sources. In this attempt to consolidate diverse information, we can conclude that the speaker of the group was the mandarin Gan Yi-chen (Chanchian in the letter), a centurion and was probably the military chief of Fujian. The second mandarin (not mentioned in the letter) was Wang Shi-ho, the magistrate of the Hai Cheng district, where many of the Chinese immigrants came from.The third mandarin mustiness have been the eunuch Gao Tsai (who appears in the letter as Cochai). Accompanying these three dignitari es were Zhang Yi (Tio Heng) and Yang Ying-long, who were the ones who informed the emperor in Beijing of the said mountain of gold. Yang Ying-long was another centurion whom the Chinese sources accuse of collaborating with Zhang Yi (who probably used the formers clout to get an audience with the emperor and consequently win his favor).The emperor actually allowed the said expedition despite opposition from various raft in his court who not only thought it a ridiculous project, but which could also be a source of trouble. According to these sources, one might hypothesize that the two magistrates Gan Yichen and Wang Shi-ho were also of the comparable opinion. In fact, the latter was so vexed that he died soon after they arrived in Fujian. The other magistrates reported Zhang Yis fashion to the emperor, demanding that he be punished for trying to stag the imperial government and for bringing about its humiliation in a foreign land.The role of Gao Tsai, on the other hand, is more d ifficult to interpret. Some sources picture him as the superintendent of the said Beijing expedition, while others show him as Fujians quartermaster general for taxes, who makes a living off the Chinese maritime trade. The Ming Shi Lu gives its version of the conduct of these three The diabolical Fujianese Zhang Yi, came up with an evil plan to propose the excavation of a gold mine in Luzon. But his real intention was to conspire with the eunuchs and provoke the barbarians.Yang Ying-long was his partnerZhang Yi was decapitated and his head shown to the coastal provinces as a prototype to people of his kind. 15 Lastly, it is worth pointing out that the Chinese sources coincide with those Spanish ones in indicating that this entire trip had been the proximate cause of the Spanish suspicions and the subsequent massacre which took place four months afterwards. 14 A Chinese who arrived in Manila during the times of the pirate Limahon, whom he had served. At that time, he was appointed governor of the sangleys and was respected by the Spaniards and loved by the sangleys (Argensola, p. 30. He was also cognise as Eng Kang (Rizal), Encan (Argensola) and Encang (Tellez de Almazan). 15 MSL, Chapter 404 (Vol. XII. P. 12090). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 6 But, the question is if the dispatch had been an advance party or not, and if it came to study the possibility of invasion of Manilawhether it was piratical or in an organized form. At the moment, the Spaniards could not know it, although an excess of suspicions could turn itself into an untenable situation that might end up out of control. It was precisely what happened.The massacre of 1603 a) The preparation On December 18, 1603, once the incident that we are about to see had ended, Governor Pedro de Acuna wrote the king an account wherein he explained in retrospect his behavior during the whole event. He begins by saying that the arriver of the mandarins had made him suspect a possible invasion fro m China. This was why his eventual moves, preventive and defensive in nature, were limited to the following 1. To create space, he ordered the demolition of the houses in the Parian that was adjacent to the walls of the city.This, at the same time, corrected some of the walls defects. 2. He asked the mayors of the district and the magistrates of the Parian to submit to him a list of immigrants under their jurisdiction and of the weapons in their possession. They were also asked to indicate whether these people were to be trusted or not. The order was fulfilled. 3. He carried out regular inspections of the artisans (blacksmiths, etc. ) in particular, and commissioned the manufacture of bows, arrows, pikes, etc. for the royal storehouse.At the same time, he ordered that all these weapons be asked and transported. 4. Just in case, he had provisions stored. 5. He engage sangleys to build a canal with the end of creating a moat for the city, if ever the need arises. Acuna also poi nts out a distinction that is also mentioned in other Spanish sources that between the Chinese merchants, who have colonized for years in the Parian, and the recent arrivals who were vagabonds and troublemakers who had nothing to lose and who could not return to China due to the crimes they had committed. 6 Acuna hangs the blame of the succeeding events on these Chinese, since they were the ones who paved the way for everything, in order to bring the merchants and the peaceful people to their side, convincing them that the measures that were being taken were meant to kill the Chinese. 17 The Chinese sources, on the other hand, also call in some of Acunas positions, but presenting these under an offensive point of view, coloring the thing differently and relating these to what directly affected them. For example, the Huang Ming Xiang Hsu Lu shows that the Spaniards repared for the massacre way ahead of time, since they began to buy from the Chinese all the metal objects that they h ad. The Chinese, on the other hand, sold all the iron they found because they saw that they could profit from it. (point 3 from Acuna). 18 This same idea is found in the Ming Shi, which also adds that the Chinese were obliged to register their names and to be split up into groups of 30019 (point 2 from Acuna). 16 To better differentiate the Chinese groups, see Edgar Wickberg, The Chinese in Philippine Life, 18501898 (Yale University Press, 1965), pp. 6-11. 17 Blair & Robertson, vol. XII, p. 154 18 HMXHL, Chapter 5, Luzon. 9 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8372) Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 7 b) The informant Sangley uprising or Chinese pogrom? Another interesting issue to consider is that of who started it first. The Spanish sources (Morga, Argensola, Acuna, etc. ) emphatically state the Chinese staged an uprising. Benavides, the bishop of Manila, noted in a letter to the king that the multitude of Chinese was so great, among them, base and roughshod men who spread the rumor (which is absolutely false, but not for them) that the Spaniards were issue to kill every one of them, which was why they provoked a rebellion on the night of the eve of St.Francis. They armed themselves and on that day killed several Spaniards who pursued them, among them, Luis Perez de Dasmarinas. 20 On December 18, when everything was over, Governor Pedro de Acuna told the king that harmonise to the investigations and what some of those winding had declared, it goes without saying that the uprising was instigated from China, and the stage set by all, if not some, of the mandarins who had been here. 21 According to the Spanish sources (since the Chinese are silent about it), the Chinese had also been girding themselves for it.The Chinese Juan Bautista de Vera had been constructing a more or less fortified zone half-a-league from Tondo (which Argensola calls a sugar refinery), where some provisions and arms were stored. c) The unfolding of events The actual fight is already we ll known because it is what was most interesting to relate to the Spaniards. To summarize, we basically follow Morgas account The evening of October 3 (Friday). The uprising was scheduled to take place on the last day of November, but realizing that they were going to be discovered, the sangleys move it to the third of October.On this day, at 11 pm, about 2000 men (or according to the sangley who was under torture, 40 captains to 150 men), begin to gather in the fort of Tondo. That night, Juan Bautista de Vera visits the governor to inform him of what was happening. sentiment that de Vera was in cahoots with them, the governor throws him into prison. The Chinese, noting de Veras absence, appoint another Christian sangley, Juan Untae, de Veras godson, to replace him. 22 That same night, Luis Dasmarinas secures himself in the monastery of Binondo with a small group of soldiers.The Chinese fly into action, burning some houses and then returning to their fort. The morning of October 4 (Saturday). The sangleys of the Parian (that is, the peaceful old-timers identified with the Spaniards, some of whom are Christian) are asked to enter the city, but they refuse to do so due to suspects as to who would be the victor in this conflict. They decide to remain in the Parian. Dasmarinas leaves Binondo for Tondo to fortify himself in the church with 140 harquebusiers. A thousand and five hundred Chinese rebels show up. There is a fight to take over the church.Five hundred Chinese die, while the rest pull away to the fort. Dasmarinas pursues them and dies in the attempt. The Spaniards are thrown into confusion. October 5 (Sunday). Realizing that de Vera was not going to come, the rebels kill Untae and coerce the Parian residents into connector forces with them. As they make for Manila, they ravage everything that comes their way. The city puts up a tough resistance and many men die. In the evening, they retreat to the Parian and to Dilao. The 20 21 Blair & Robertson. V ol. XII, p. 143. Idem, vol. XII, p. 155. 2 Sangley general Hontay (Argensola), or Juan Ontal (Tellez de Almazan). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 8 Spaniards as well press the Parian residents to side with them. Overcome by this psychological stress, some Chineseamong them, a relative of de Verahang themselves. Both sides brace themselves for a second attack. October 6 (Monday). Another assault and renewed resistance. A Spaniard, with the help of a Japanese corps, entryes an unsuccessful offensive. An armada of Pintados suddenly makes its way through the river and blasts the Chinese lines with canons.They branch themselves into three and riddle the inland. One group makes for the Tingues of Pasig, another for Ayonbon Bayombong and the third, the most numerous, for Laguna de Bay, the mountains of San Pablo and the province of Batangas. October 8 (Wednesday) and the succeeding days The Chinese abandon the city. The Spaniards are hot in their pursuit. It seems that the first two groups are easily annihilated, since nothing more is said of them. The third group, starving and unarmed, leave a path of devastation. Luis de Velasco with 70 of his men is at their heels, kill many each day.Finally, Velasco perishes at the hands of the Chinese who set up fort in San Pablo. Argensola adds that the native Filipinos, instead of siding with the Chinese, lent a hand in the massacre. October 20. A new detachment of Spaniards, Japanese and 1500 natives of Pampanga and the Tagalog provinces is formed in Manila. They soon finish off all the Chinese who secured themselves in San Pablo and Batangas. The rebellion is quelled. October 22 (Argensolas date). Juan de Vera faces trial. In the succeeding days, other Chinese meet the same fate. Only 300 are pardoned, but the rest are sent to the galleys.The Chinese sources are less detailed in describing the operations, perhaps due to the handful of sangleys who survived. It is thus more difficult to establish a clear par allelism between the two accounts, since they cite actions that are not mentioned in the Spanish sources. Consequently, there is much discrepancy. The Ming Shi relates that when the Chinese discovered the Spaniards plot to massacre them, they retreated to Tsai Yuen (which may be translated as the plantation and which may refer to Juan Bautista de Veras strategic fort and to Argensolas sugar refinery). 3 Then, the Spanish chief sent soldiers to go after them (this may well refer to Luis Dasmarinas move or to the arrival of the army of Pintados). The Chinese were unarmed. Many were killed and the survivors fled to the Talun Mountain. 24 The Spaniards attacked the mountain once more, while the Chinese put up a desperate defense. The Spaniards suffered momentary defeat, which their chief (probably the captain of the expedition or the Governor himself) regretted, moving him to negotiate a truce. The Chinese, estimateing that this was some trick, killed the messengers, thus driving the S panish chief to exasperation.He abandoned their mountain camp and retreated to the neighboring town, simultaneously context of use up ambush parties in the surrounding areas. The Chinese rebels were starving and so decided to go down the mountain and plunder the town,25 only to be ambushed by the Spanish troops. twenty dollar bill five thousand Chinese perished in the mas23 CHEN, Mattew. O. P. The Ming Records of Luzon, in The Chinese in the Philippines, Historical Conservation Society, Manila, 1966, p. 250. According to the translators note, this place is the presentday San Miguel district, although we do not see any further proof to this. 24 Ibid.Matthew Chen, in another note, indicates that this place was remainder to what is now known as the city of Makati. The rest of the account probably recounts the travails of the first or second group of the three groups of Chinese who fled, since we know nothing more of their fate from the Spanish references. The data does not seem to re fer to the third group that went to San Pablo de los Montes and Batangas. Moreover, this reference is unusual, since there are no mountains close to the Makati area. 25 Matthew Chen seems to assume that this town was none other than Manila. But neither is this clear. Itinerario, vol. 3, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 9 sacre26. The Dong Xi Yang Kao offers a different denouement to this final massacre, coloring it with superstitious, even apocalyptic visions. It says that when the Chinese descended the Talun Mountain to attack the town, 10,000 of them were killed in an ambush, while others fled to the valleys and died there of starvation. Then it adds There was a strong lush while they were on the Talun Mountain, and as they stood beneath the rain, they saw something shine out in the midnight sky. There was an earthquake. The Chinese panicked and began to kill each other by mistake.The Spaniards, taking advantage of the situation, were able to kill many of them. That same month, a flood in Chang Chou took the lives of over 10,000 families. 27 The aftermath After the massacre, the Spaniards carried out three steps. First, the attempt to clarify if the uprising had been in connivance with China or not, and in inter-group communication with the coming of the three mandarins. Various testimonies given by the Governor seem to indicate this, but their asperity is doubtful since they were obtained through torture. The royal officials insist on the same idea, e. g. , Argensola.Nevertheless, it is something which is never presented as sufficiently proved and that he insists that with the principal aim of justifying the killing. In this way, Juan Bautista de Vera would have been more of a scapegoat than the one responsible for(p) for a conspiracy (Rizals thesis). Secondly, the Spaniards made an inventory of the goods of the massacred rebels, which they placed at the disposition of their families. This was made known through a mission to Fujian second, an attempt to resume t he necessary trade relations. As regards the latter, Argensola (who seems to have at times copied Morga in this point), explains that Capt.Marco de la Cueva was sent to Macao with the Dominican Luis Gandullo to inform the Portuguese of what had happened and so that they might be forewarned of rumors of war from China. At the same time, they brought letters for the tutones, aytaos and visitadores of the provinces of Guangdong and Fujian, explaining the conduct of the Chinese and the Spaniards response. What happened was not only known in Macao news of Spaniards in Macao and the reason for their presence there soon reached Quan Chou, which was why the wealthy Captains Guansan, Sinu and Guanchan, who regularly traded in Manila, went to see them.They gave their own conjectures about what really happened, brought letters to the mandarins, and encouraged the merchants and ships of Quan Chou to go to Manila. Cuevas mission was a success, for soon after his returnin May of 160413 ships fro m China arrived, filling up two ships bound that same year for New Spain with their cargo. Thus end the Spanish accounts. The Chinese sources, besides being very detailed (in this case, they were interested in formulating a more complete evaluation of the event), also coincide with the Spanish references.For example, the inventory of goods is mentioned in the Dong Xi Yang Kao The Spanish governor had all the possessions of the Chinese immigrants stored in big warehouses, label with the names of their owners. Then he wrote the magistrate of Fujian, urging the relatives of the deceased to go to Manila to collect their belongings. But there was a Chinese 26 27 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8373). DXYK, Chapter 5 Luzon (p. 59) Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 10 called Huang, a good friend of the governor, who, pretending to be a relative of one of the massacred, fraudulently went off with some goods. 28 However, what is even more interesting is the final evaluation made by the emper or and officials of Fujian who were then deciding on whether or not they should resume trade relations with the Spaniards. We came across two versions of the official act, the first of which is found in the Ming Shi The Magistrate Xu Xue-ju29 sent a report to the court. The emperor was shaken and began to mourn for the dead. On the 12th month of the year 32 (1604), he called on his official magistrates to investigate the case. These officials presented their conclusions in the court. The emperor said Zhang Yi, etc. ave deceived the imperial court and brought about conflict in a foreign land. Twenty thousand people and commoners have been massacred. They have disgraced our Empire. Their execution is not deemed an excess. They must be decapitated and their heads shown to all seas. But the governor of Luzon murdered people without license. We shall leave the officials to decide his punishment and they shall inform us of this. Hsu Hsue-ju wrote the authorities of Luzon, accusing the gov ernor of massacre and demanding that the widows and children of the victims be sent back to China. For the moment, China did not launch a punitive attack on Luzon.Afterwards, the Chinese began to return to Luzon in trickles, and the Spaniards, seeing the profitability of trading with China, did not prevent the Chinese from reestablishing themselves there. The Chinese population began to grow once more. 30 The second more extensive report is found in the Ming Jing Shi Wen Pien, which contains the report made by the said administrative Commissioner of Fujian, Xu Xue-ju, who explains his move, and the memorandum he sent to the emperor, particularly the so-called Report to Emperor Wan-li regarding the recall of Chinese merchants in Luzon, of the Ming Jing Shi Wen Pien31.Here, Xu Xue-ju begins to speak for himself, situating the problem, and declaring afterwards that he sent an edict-letter to Luzon after having reviewed the problem from its early stages. He acknowledges that Zhang Yis deception caused the massacre, and takes the blame for it. However, he considers the Spanish intervention, as unacceptable, unlicensed by the Emperor (up to here, the anterior document is repeated almost verbatim).Consequently, the magistrate of Fujian clamors for vengeance, citing that what is most unjust in the Spanish maneuver is their non-recognition of the fact that the development of Luzon was greatly due to the hard work of the Chinese living there. There was no response from the Emperor, and so he was sent another communication bearing the same message. The emperor ultimately rejected the move, basing his decision on these five points 1. Due to their long tradition in trade and commerce, the people of Luzon were practically their subjects. 2. The repulsion, as well as the confrontation, took place outside of China. . The merchants are humble folk and, therefore, not worth waging battle for. 4. These merchants, upon going to Luzon, abandoned their families without consid ering their filial ties. 5. An expedition to Luzon will only drain their armed forces. The theme was certainly discussed 28 29 DXYK, Chapter 5 Luzon (p. 60) The figure of Xu Xue-ju is both well known and respected (Dictionary of the Ming Biography, Vol. I, pp. 582-585). In 1591, he was appointed Assistant Commissioner for Surveillance in Hukuang and was soon after named Administrative Commissioner in Fujian, a post which he held until 1607.Consequently, he was able to gather first-hand information on all the happenings, from their very beginnings. 30 MS, Chapter 323 (p. 8373). 31 MJSWB, Chapter 433 (p. 4728). Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 11 in the court, creating a great tension, and its reverberations were prolonged for a long time, even until 1605, when Mateo Ricci made some comments about it. 32 Thus, Xu Xue Ju was left with no other recourse than to end this letter with a warning to the Spaniards they should be grateful to the emperor, they must change their att itude, and they should restore the properties of those who perished in the massacre.Only with this shall trade be resumed. On the other hand, if they do not comply with these demands, then they would send thousands of warships with the families of the deceased aboard, along with mercenaries from the vassal states to conquer and divide Luzon among themselves. 33 Thus ends the letter sent to the Philippines. Conclusions To better understand the general process of the massacre, particularly, that of the three mandarins, in Manila, the proximate cause of the massacre, we must make four contexts. Besides, they were perfectly alluded by Benavides in that letter he sent the King dated 5 July 1603, which was accompanied by those two singular documents already cited in the beginning of this paper. ) In the first place, it is proper to point out that the time in which these events took place was marked by a rampant increase of piracy in Chinese waters, as well as by the express prohibition th at Chinese subjects engage in maritime commerce at a time when it was gaining popularity in the international arena. Consequently, it was common practice for Chinese patrons to seek alternative and profitable solutions.Under such circumstances, Manila was considered an important center for the export of silver in Southeast Asia (thanks to the coming of ships from New Spain), just when the demand for this metal was on the rise in China. Because of this, it is not surprising that Manilas neighbors take interest in this fragile colony, or that new risks arise principally, the unexpected invasion of Japanese pirates and, from 1600 onwards, the style of Dutch pirates. (Olivier de Noort). Taken within this context, Manila was regularly flooded with Chinese with eyes set on establishing themselves there.Now, even if this meant a contribution to the citys progress via their artisan skills, they increasingly posed themselves as a threat to the Spanish populace, who made up only 10% of the t otal number of Chinese in the city. The Chinese menace was certainly confirmed in 1593, when 250 hired Chinese contract workers assassinated the governor of the Philippines and also, presumably, in 1594 when seven mandarins appeared with great pomp and veiled motives at the helm of a fully-equipped armada and was then alarming when more mandarins reappeared in 1603 to mete justice on their compatriots.Authors like Argensola do not doubt their intentions. In their accounts, they throw in descriptions of how eight Chinese trade junks arrived in Manila while the mandarins were there, guarantee the Spaniards of the real purpose of the Chinese conquest. Besides, he adds, while the mandarins pressured Zhang Yi to explain the existence of the mountain of gold, he would speak according to the interpreters or naguatatos (Argensola said)that what he had wanted to say was that Luzon had so much gold that it was worth conquering. 32In the beginning of 1605, Ricci pointed out in a letter It wa s spoken much in the cort, and we feared that some harm could come from all these due to the possibility that it might be associated with the Spaniards. let out Jonathan Spence, The Memory Palace of Mateo Ricci, Penguin Books, 1985, p. 216. 33 This same letter was sent to the Spaniards who translated it. Argensola published it shortly afterwards. It is interesting to note that the two versions closely coincide with each other, but of the five points indicated by the emperor, Argensolas translation only gathered numbers 1, 2 and 4.Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 12 The figure of Zhang Yi (a carpenter, according to Benavides) probably brings together the images of fortune hunter, pervert (as the Chinese sources put it) and dreamer who see in Manilas regular influx of traders from Quan Chou and Chang Chou, the possibility of Chinese expansion and personal gain. Here is a man capable of conjuring his own utopiaa place where mountains produce gold. He not only ends up beli eving the tale, but also manages to carry the emperor himself to authorize an exploration. 4 Although the Chinese magistrates accused him of going out with all this to look for people to steal and to rob and to be a corsair (Chinese documents of Benavides). The conflict that was bound to take place with the Spaniardsmen also accustomed to prosecute an El Doradohad no other alternative but to erupt. In the second place, we should consider another fact that made possible the increasing acceptance of Chinese in Manila. The Spaniards, in particular, the Provincials of the religious orders, admitted that they have kaput(p) too far disobeying the royal ordinances that prohibited the growth of the Chinese population beyond 6000.This norm was obliterated by the profits gained from the granting of each new license. The Bishop of Nueva Segovia, Fr. Diego de Soria, thus commented it was a generally said that the number of Chinese in the uprising reached 23-24,000, even if the judges declar e that they hardly came up to 8000, a figure which these same judges further minify, because they are primarily responsible for the uprising through the liberal granting of licenses to Chinese who wish to remain in Manila. These licenses were sold at five tostones each.There was a judge who was able to collect a total of 60,000 tostones, or the equivalent 30,000 pesos, out of the said licenses. 35 In the third place, and now put our sights back to China, it is worth considering Wan Lis style of governmentconcretely, his politics of assigning eunuchs as revenue agents and quarter master generals of the mines. 36 The system saw its beginnings in 1596 by 1599, it was already astray practiced. This procedure was meant to correct deficient tax legislation which, in turn, brought about a lax and rot administration.Entrusting this function to eunuchs imposed a certain kind of general auditing system. But as the eunuchs carried out their jobs, they also interfered with the regular gover nment functions. Besides, the posts were usually occupied by fortune hunters and scalawags, owing to the absence of a cause and a clear-cut process of organizing a regular staff. Sometimes, tax collection at the mines would be reduced to a form of extortion that would then be sabotaged by rival officers and more often than not, this reated social problems. 37 34 A brief observation A Frenchman, Rene Jouglet, passing by the Philippines in 1931, hearing about the treasures of the pirate Limahon, published in Paris, in 1936, an imaginative book called La ville perdue, where he mentions that the treasures of the pirate which may have been hidden in Cavite or Pangasinan thirty years before the massacre had been the cause of various Chinese expeditions, the last of which was in 1603.See Cesar Callanta, The Limahon Invasion, New Day Publishers, Quezon City, 1989, p. 69. 35 For this, see the letter of Fray Bernardo de Santa Catalina, Provincial of the Dominicans and Commissioner of the Hol y Office (Blair & Robertson), as well as the adjoining note of the translator who comments on the Royal Decree of June 13 (Barcelona), which restricted the presence of Chinese nationals in Manila. 36 See RAY HUANG, Lung-ching and Wan-li reign, 1567-1620 in The Cambridge History of China, Vol. , Part I, pp. 530-532. 37 We may sight the following examples. In 1599 inspector Ma coolness so provoked the merchants of Linqing (Changdong) that they burned down his house and left him half-dead Cheng Feng, assigned as tax and mines inspector of Huguang, caused a mutiny among the inhabitants of Wuchuang textile mill work- Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 13 Taking into account these circumstances, it is easy to come up with a final, fitting interpretation of the figure of the eunuch Gao Tsai.For one, among the many diverse possibilities one could think of, he might have been the one who defended the ambitious projects of fortune hunters like Zhang Yi or the corrupt behavior of o fficials like Yang Ying-long, against the courtiers of Beijing and the magistrates of Fujian, like Gan Yi-chen, Wang Shi-ho and, most specially, Xu Xue-ju. Benavides saw it clearly since the first moment Because the Emperor has men of gold and women of silver made and invited them to drink, so he sent a eunuch to each of their kingdoms and these eunuchs, to get gold and silver for the Emperor, impose a lot of taxes on he vassals, and the empire of Chine mat up so oppressed with all this that publicly the Chines here the Philippines tell us that within two years more or less there 38 will be communities and uprisings in China. The figure of Gao Tzai appears again in the following year (1604), when the Dutch were in the Pescadores islands trying to establish trade with China. He sent a mission to the Dutch in the aforementioned islands, trying to solicit gifts of high value for himself and for the Emperor.Dong Xi Yang Kao and Ming Shi notified the governor, Xu Sue-ju, and the offici als of Fujian province to oppose the actuation of the eunuch by sending the touzy (Admiral), Shen You-rong, with a battleship to the coast of the province in order to stop the plans of the eunuch, Gao Tzai. 39 It is evident that the recent happenings in Manila had been the last defence which Xu Xue-ju encountered in order to oppose the politics of the eunuchthis time with force, as shown in the presence of Shen You-rong. 40 ers of Suzhou staged a demonstration against revenue agent Sun Long.In 1603 Wang Zhao, coal mines inspector of Xishan (Beijing), encountered opposition from among the miners who held a demonstration in Beijing. In 1606 Yang Rong found the revenue office burnt down by the miners of Yunnan. See also Bai Shouyi and others. In A Brief History of China, Vol. I, with editions in other languages, Beijing, 1984, pp. 348-349. 38 Colin & Pastells, Op. cit. , vol. II, p. 415. In fact, it is not strange the clarity of the observations of the Dominican Benavides about the eun uchs, since he knew in detail the recent experience of another Dominican, Diego de Aduarte, which preceded the ones cited in the previous note.In effect, Aduarte left Manila for Macao on September 6, 1598, with the aim of paying the ransom for the humans Don Luis in Canton. He arrived there 20 days after, and coincided with the eunuch, Liculifu (sic), who upon knowing the presence of the foreigner pain him and extorted from him most of the money he carried. In the end, Aduarte had no other remedy but to borrow the money. The entire story is related by Aduarte himself in his autobiographical work entitled, Historia de la Provincia del Santo Rosario de la Orden de Predicadores de Filipinas, Japon y China, Zaragoza, 1693, pp. 14-219. At the same time, Mateo Ricci himself recounts how one of the catholic servants who acted as a mail carrier, also in 159899, was robbed, murdered and thrown into a river because he denied paying commissions, everything was probably made in connection wi th the legal pressureaccording to Spencewhich were provoked by the eunuchs. See Jonathan Spence, Op. cit. , p. 215. 39 This theme was studied by Leonard Blusse in Inpo, Chinese merchant in Pattani a Study in early Dutch-Chinese relations (1977), p. 294.Blusse mentions the Chinese sources and Gao Tzai mentioned as well how a strange individual with exotic tales such as the eating of live childrens brains how Shen You-rong, an exemplary Confucian official who wrote a book collecting the panegyrics which his friends dedicated to him. 40 You can read the resume of this person already cited in the Dictionary of the Ming Biography, vol. II, pp. 1192-1194. Shen You-rong gained prestige through this action, but Gao Tzai, resenting him, opposed whatever compensation to be given to him, and in the autumn of 1606, obtained that he be sent to a secondary military post in the province of Zhejiang.Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 14 In the fourth place, and so that we may understand w hy the local magistrates of Fujian could not act on this problem according to their own standards, we are now going to consider the figure of Emperor Wan Li himself and his style of government, many times branded as indolent, irresponsible and indecisive, making him disregard any unpleasant advice and the remonstrations of his officers. 41 His inaction encouraged partisanship which fostered antagonism between the emperor and his court.The emperor became more withdrawn and his court dealings increasingly confined to written communication which, more than once, he would intentionally refuse to read. These descriptions of Wan Li perfectly explain the difficulties encountered by his officers, as culled from the Chinese sources their inability to put a stop to the exploration of the mountain of gold, their forced collaboration with this expedition out of pure call of duty, even if they knew that they were indirectly protecting detestable fortune hunters.Consequently, during the reign of Emperor Wan Li, the coastal provinces seemed to be very much cut off from Beijing, which was why the mandarins had to need between loyalty to the emperor and petty conflicts of local concern. And when the situation became out of hand, even persons like Xu Xue-ju (an unspoilt magistrate) sought pragmatic solutions to put an end to a hopeless predicament.This, at least, seems to be confirmed in Chapter 47 of Guo Que which makes a general summary of all that had happened in the months after the massacre The barbarians are panicked that China launches a punitive act against Luzon, which is why they sent some spies to Macao. However, the magistrates of Fujian and Guangdong did not want to report this. They only told the emperor half the truth, which is why the emperor only ordered the 42 people of Luzon stop creating more problems And thus the things remained as they were. 41 See Ray Huang, Op. cit. , pp. 514-517.We have a most worthful testimony corresponding to the second document which Benavides translated and sent to the King of Spain, which carried a title he himself explains, repeat of the petition which the supreme magistrate of the province or the reign of hongkong gave to the King of China in order to persuade him not to listen to some Chinese who, in the year 1603, wanted to come from China to do battle and take the land of Luzon (Philippines) and that the King gave license and consent. Cf. Colin & Pastells, vol. II, pp. 416-417. 42 GQ, Chapter 79 (vol. 8, p. 4917) Itinerario, vol. 23, No. 1, 1998, pp. 22-39. 15

The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter Nine

Well, at least I didnt devil taken over, decent tell. and Im sick of this psychic stuff anyway Im tired of the whole thing. That was the last cadence, absolutely the last. solely right, said Elena, turning away from the mirror, all(prenominal) in allows talk ab emerge something else. Did you find anything out today?I talked with Alaric, and hes having some other get-together next week, Bonnie replied. He asked Caroline and Vickie and me if we deficiencyed to be hypnotized to help us entertain out with whats been happening. But Im sure he isnt the Other Power, Elena. Hes too nice.Elena nodded. Shed had second feelings nigh her suspicions of Alaric herself. Not because he was nice, tho because she had spent four days in his attic asleep. Would the Other Power really obligate let her stay there unharmed? Of course, Damon had said hed influenced Alaric to forget that she was up there, but would the Other Power develop succumbed to Damons influence? Shouldnt it be far to o strong?Unless its Powers had temporarily burned out, she thought suddenly. The way Stefans were intense out now. Or unless it had only been pretending to be influenced.Well, we wont cross him off the list dependable yet, she said. Weve got to be political machineeful. What astir(predicate) Mrs. Flowers? Did you find out anything to the highest degree her?No luck, said Meredith. We went to the boardinghouse this morning, but she didnt answer the en see. Stefan said hed try to track her down in the afternoon.If somebody would only invite me in there, I could check up on her, too, Elena said. I feel alike(p) Im the only one not doing anything. I think She paused a moment, con brassring, and and then said, I think Ill go by home-by Aunt Judiths, I mean. Maybe Ill find Robert hanging nigh in the bushes or something.Well go with you, Meredith said.No, its better for me to do it alone. Really, it is. I can be very inconspicuous these days.Then take your own advice and be c ato mic number 18ful. Its still coulombing hard.Elena nodded and dropped over the windowpanesill.As she approached her house, she saw that a machine was just pulling out of the driveway. She melted into the after parts and guideed. The headlights illuminated an eerie winter sight the neighbors black locust tree tree, like a bare-branched silhouette, with a white owl sitting in it.As the car roared past, Elena recognized it. Roberts blue Oldsmobile.Now, that was interesting. She had an urge to follow him, but a stronger urge to check the house, make sure everything was all right. She circled it stealthily, examining windows.The yellow chintz curtains at the kitchen window were looped concealment, revealing a bright section of kitchen inside. Aunt Judith was shutting the dishwasher. Had Robert buzz off to dinner? Elena wondered.The yellow chintz curtains at the kitchen window were looped back, revealing a bright section of kitchen inside. Aunt Judith was closing the dishwasher. Ha d Robert come to dinner? Elena wondered.Elena wished she could see more than just her aunts profile in the flickering light of the TV. It gave her a strange feeling to look at this room, knowing that she could only look and not go in. How coherent had it been since she realized what a nice room it was? The old mahogany whatnot, crowded with china and glassware, the Tiffany lamp on the put over next to Aunt Judith, the needlepoint pillows on the couch, all seemed precious to her now. Standing away, feeling the feathery fondle of the snow on the back of her neck, she wished she could go in just for a moment, just for a myopic while.Aunt Judiths head was tilting back, her eyes shutting. Elena leaned her forehead against the window, then slowly turned away.She climbed the quince tree exterior her own bedroom, but to her disappointment the curtains were shut tight. The maple tree outside Margarets room was fragile and harder to climb, but formerly she got up she had a good view the se curtains were wide dissipate. Margaret was asleep with the bedcovers drawn up to her chin, her mouth open, her queasy hair spread out like a fan on the pillow.Hello, baby, Elena thought and swallowed back tears. It was such(prenominal) a sweetly innocent scene the nightlight, the little girl in bed, the stuffed animals on the shelves keeping watch over her. And here came a little white kitten padding through the open door to complete the picture, Elena thought.Snowball jumped onto Margarets bed. The kitten yawned, showing a tiny pink tongue, and stretched, disp gear uping miniature claws. Then it walked daintily over to stand on Margarets chest.Something tingled at the roots of Elenas hair.She didnt know if it was some new hunters sense or sheer intuition, but suddenly she was afraid. at that place was danger in that room. Margaret was in danger.The kitten was still standing(a) there, tail swishing back and forth. And all at once Elena realized what it looked like. The dogs. I t looked the way Chelsea had looked at Doug Carson before she lunged at him. Oh, God, the town had quarantined the dogs, but nobody had thought just about the cats.Elenas mind was working at authorise speed, but it wasnt helping her. It was only flashing pictures of what a cat could do with curved claws and needle-sharp teeth. And Margaret just lay there breathing softly, oblivious to any danger.The fur on Snowballs back was rising, her tail swelling like a bottle brush. Her ears flattened and she opened her mouth in a silent hiss. Her eyes were frosty on Margarets face just the way Chelseas had been on Doug Carsons.Margarets face just the way Chelseas had been on Doug Carsons.But the snow, settling like a blanket around her, seemed to deaden the words into nothingness. A low, discordant scream was started in Snowballs throat as it flicked its eyes toward the window and then back to Margarets face.Margaret, wake up Elena shouted. Then, just as the kitten pulled back a curved paw , she threw herself at the window.She never knew, later, how she managed to hang on. There was no room to kneel on the sill, but her fingernails sank into the soft old wood of the casing, and the toe of one blossom jammed into a foothold below. She banged against the window with her body weight, shouting.Get away from her Wake up, MargaretMargarets eyes flew open and she sat up, throwing Snowball backward. The kittens claws caught in the eyelet spread head as it scrambled to right itself. Elena shouted again.Margaret, get off the bed Open the window, quickMargarets four-year-old face was full of sleepy surprise, but no fear. She got up and stumbled toward the window while Elena gritted her teeth.Thats it. Good girl now say, Come in. Quick, say itCome in, Margaret said obediently, split second and stepping back.The kitten sprang out as Elena fell in. She made a grab for it, but it was too fast. erst outside it glided across the maple branches with taunting ease and leaped down in to the snow, disappearing.A small hand was tugging at Elenas sweater. You came back Margaret said, hugging Elenas hips. I missed you.Oh, Margaret, I missed you- Elena began, and then froze. Aunt Judiths give tongue to sounded from the top of the stairs.Margaret, are you awake? Whats going on in there?Elena had only an instant to make her decision. Dont tell her Im here, she whispered, move to her knees. Its a secret do you understand? Say you let the kitty out, but dont tell her Im here. There wasnt time for any more Elena dived under the bed and prayed.From under the dust ruffle, she watched Aunt Judiths stocking feet come into the room. She press her face into the floorboards, not breathing.Margaret What are you doing up? Come on, lets get you back in bed, Aunt Judiths voice said, and then the bed creaked with Margarets weight and Elena collectd the noises of Aunt Judiths fussing with the covers. Your hands are freezing. What on earth is the window doing open?And now theres sno w all over the floor. I cant believe this Dont you open it up again, do you hear me? A little more bustling and the stocking feet went out again. The door shut.Elena squirmed out.Good girl, she whispered as Margaret sat up. Im proud of you. Now tomorrow you tell Aunt Judith that you have to give your kitty away. verbalize her it panicky you. I know you dont want to-she put up a hand to stop the wrawl that was gathering on Margarets lips-but you have to. Because Im telling you that kitty will wounded you if you keep it. You dont want to get hurt, do you?No, said Margaret, her blue eyes filling. But-And you dont want the kitty to hurt Aunt Judith, either, do you? You tell Aunt Judith you cant have a kitten or a puppy or point a skirt until-well, for a while. Dont tell her that I said so thats still our secret. Tell her youre scared because of what happened with the dogs at church. It was better, Elena reasoned grimly, to give the little girl nightmares than to have a nightmare p lay out in this bedroom. Margarets mouth drooped sadly. Okay.Im sorry, sweetie. Elena sat down and hugged her. But thats the way it has to be.Youre cold, Margaret said. Then she looked up into Elenas face. Are you an holy person?Uh not exactly. merely the opposite, Elena thought ironically.Aunt Judith said you went to be with Mommy and Daddy. Did you see them yet?I-its enlighten of hard to explain, Margaret. I havent seen them yet, no. And Im not an angel, but Im going to be like your guardian angel anyway, all right? Ill watch over you, even when you cant see me. Okay?Okay. Margaret played with her fingers. Does that mean you cant go bad here anymore?Elena looked around the pink-and-white bedroom, at the stuffed animals on the shelves and the little writing desk and the rocking horse that had once been hers in the corner. Thats what it means, she said softly.When they said you went to be with Mommy and Daddy, I said I wanted to go, too.Elena blinked hard. Oh, baby. Its not tim e for you to go, so you cant. And Aunt Judith loves you very a good deal, and shed be lonely without you.Margaret nodded, her eyelids drooping. But as Elena eased her down and pulled the bedspread over her, Margaret asked one more question. But dont you love me?Oh, stupid, stupid, Elena thought, forging through the banked snow to the other side of Maple Street. Shed missed her chance to ask Margaret whether Robert had been at dinner. It was too late now.Robert. Her eyes narrowed suddenly. At the church, Robert had been outside and then the dogs had gone mad. And tonight Margarets kitten had gone feral-just a little while after Roberts car had pulled out of the driveway.Robert has a lot to answer for, she thought.But melancholy was pulling at her, tugging her thoughts away. Her mind unbroken returning to the bright house shed just left, going over the things shed never see again. solely her garment and knickknacks and jewelry-what would Aunt Judith do with them? I dont own anythi ng anymore, she thought. Im a pauper.Elena?With relief, Elena recognized the mental voice and the distinctive shadow at the end of the street. She hurried toward Stefan, who took his hands out of his jacket pockets and held hers to warm them.Meredith told me where youd gone.I went home, Elena said. That was all she could say, but as she leaned against him for comfort, she knew that he understood.Lets find someplace we can sit down, he said, and stopped in frustration. All the places they used to go were either too dangerous or closed to Elena. The police still had Stefans car. in the end they just went to the high school where they could sit under the overhang of a roof and watch the snow sift down. Elena told him what had happened in Margarets room.Im going to have Meredith and Bonnie spread it around town that cats can attack, too. batch should know that. And I think somebody ought to be watching Robert, she concluded.Well tail him, Stefan said, and she couldnt help smiling.Its f unny how much more American youve gotten, she said. I hadnt thought about it in a long time, but when you world-class came you were a lot more foreign. Now nobody would know you hadnt lived here all your life.We adapt quickly. We have to, Stefan said. There are always new countries, new decades, new situations. Youll adapt, too.Youll learn, in time. If there is anything good about what we are, its time. We have plenty of it, as much as we want. Forever. Joyous companions forever. Isnt that what Katherine said to you and Damon? Elena murmured.She could feel Stefans stiffening, his withdrawal. She was talking about all three of us, he said. I wasnt.Oh, Stefan, please dont, not now. I wasnt even thinking about Damon, only about forever. It scares me. Everything about this scares me, and sometimes I think I just want to go to sleep and never wake up againIn the shelter of his arms she felt safer, and she entrap her new senses were just as amazing close up as they were at a distance. S he could hear each separate pulse of Stefans heart, and the rush of blood through his veins. And she could smell his own distinctive odor mingled with the scent of his jacket, and the snow, and the wool of his clothes.Please trust me, she whispered. I know youre angry with Damon, but try to give him a chance. I think theres more to him than there seems to be. And I want his help in determination the Other Power, and thats all I want from him.At that moment it was completely true. Elena wanted nothing to do with the hunters life tonight the darkness held no appeal for her. She wished she could be at home sitting in front of a fire.But it was sweet just to be held like this, even if she and Stefan had to sit in the snow to do it. Stefans breath was warm as he kissed the back of her neck, and she sensed no kick upstairs withdrawal in Stefans body.No hunger, either, or at least not the kind she was used to perceptual experience when they were close like this. Now that she was a hunt er like he, the need was different, a need for togetherness quite an than for sustenance. It didnt matter. They had lost something, but they had gained something, too. She understood Stefan in a way she never had before. And her understanding brought them closer, until their minds were touching, almost web with each others. It wasnt the noisy chatter of mental voices it was a deep and wordless communion. As if their spirits were united.I love you, Stefan said against her neck, and she held on tighter. She understood now why hed been afraid to say it for so long. When the thought of tomorrow scared you sick, it was hard to make a commitment. Because you didnt want to drag someone else down with you. particularly someone you loved. I love you, too, she made herself say and sat back, her peaceful mood broken. And will you try to give Damon a chance, for my sake? Try to work with him?Ill work with him, but I wont trust him. I cant. I know him too well.I followed Mrs. Flowers today. St efans lip quirked. All afternoon and evening. And you know what she did?What?Three oodles of wash-in an ancient machine that looked like it was going to explode any minute. No clothes dryer, just a wringer. Its all down in the basement. Then she went outside and filled about two dozen bird feeders. Then back to the basement to wipe off jars of preserves. She spends most of her time down there. She talks to herself.Just like a dotty old lady, said Elena. All right maybe Merediths wrong and thats all she is. She noticed his change of expression at Merediths name and added, What?Well, Meredith may have some explaining to do herself. I didnt ask her about it I thought maybe it was better coming from you. But she went to talk to Alaric Saltzman after school today. And she didnt want anyone to know where she was going.Disquiet uncoiled in Elenas middle. So what?So she lied about it afterward-or at least she evaded the issue. I tried to probe her mind, but my Powers are just about burnt-o ut out. And shes strong-willed.And you had no right Stefan, listen to me. Meredith would never do anything to hurt us or betray us. some(prenominal) shes keeping from us-So you do admit that shes hiding something.Yes, Elena said reluctantly. But its nothing that will hurt us, Im sure. Meredith has been my friend since the first grade Without knowing it, Elena let the sentence slip away from her. She was thinking of other friend, one whod beenclose to her since kindergarten. Caroline. Who last week had tried to destroy Stefan and humiliate Elena in front of the wide-cut town.And what was it Carolines diary had said about Meredith? Meredith doesnt do anything she just watches. Its as if she cant act, she can only react to things. Besides, Ive perceive my parents talking about her family-no wonder she never mentions them.Elenas eyes left the snowy landscape to seek Stefans time lag face. It doesnt matter, she said quietly. I know Meredith, and I trust her. Ill trust her to the end .I hope shes worthy of it, Elena, he said. I really do.