Doha Development Round Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Doha Development Round - Essay Example To add to that, even USA and EU have strategic differences on certain issues. The most recent round, which was held in 2008, broke down after the member countries failed to reach a consensus regarding agriculture import rules (BBC, 2008). Though these were followed by intense negotiations, they failed to break the deadlock. The World Trade Organization was formed with an aim to supervise and liberalize international trade. The Doha round of talks was a devise formulated to achieve that aim and lower trade barriers around the world, thus facilitating growth in trade globally. Besides that, the talks were also meant to insure that multilateral trading system must benefit the developing countries that constitute over three quarters of WTO members. The Doha declaration declared that the member countries of the WTO should strive to negotiate a policy, wherein the developing countries manage to secure for themselves a share in the growth of world trade in accordance with their respective national economic growth. To achieve the above stated goals, the following twin means were identified- reducing import tariffs, thus allowing the developing countries to have wider access to the global markets, and discouraging domestic and export subsidies, which would enable the over-production of goods at very low prices. This in turn would again boost trade practices. The talks were centered around... Thus, the Doha declaration carefully worked on these strategies and elaborated a set of objectives with stipulated deadlines. The objective was to establish a fair and market-oriented trading system through a program of fundamental reforms. The program strengthened rules, and provided specific commitments on government support and protection for agriculture. The purpose was to correct and prevent restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets. (WTO 2001). As has been discussed earlier, the major emphasis was on decreasing and eventually phasing out export subsidies, reducing support systems that pose a threat to trade relations, and broaden the limits of global markets, thus making them more accessible to the developing countries. Out of the 132 countries that are a part of the WTO, 103 countries are classified as developing or least developed. In majority of these countries, agriculture is the chief occupation for the masses. Thus, all possible steps were taken to ensure that developing countries benefit from the declaration, especially when it comes to the issue of agriculture. The issue was managed under the following dimensions- market access, domestic supports, export competition, and development issues. At certain places, these counties were also rendered special treatment, to alleviate domestic problems of food scarcity and rural development. Recently, however agriculture( more specifically, agriculture import rules) has become the crux of several deadlocks. The reforms were not limited to the agricultural sector alone. Negotiations were also carried out to implement tariff cutting schemes on major non agricultural

Distribution Channels and Strategies Research Paper

Distribution Channels and Strategies - Research Paper Example Logistics manage and govern various supply functions. Several activities form a part of logistics such as material handling and warehousing, inventory management, fleet and transportation management and hosts of other activities. Logistics bottleneck at any point may affect and strangulate the free movement of goods and in this sense, efficient and workable logistics is critical and necessary to keep distribution channel flooded with the goods so as to service consumer on time. Geographic location and area of coverage does affect the selection of distribution channels. Smaller the territory, fewer members in channel distribution can serve the purpose; however, as territory goes larger and distances increase, it becomes necessary to have more intermediate channel members for the efficient flow of goods. This also depends upon the nature of product that how fast the product is being consumed or whether it is perishable kind. The distribution channel would need more channel members alon g with proper logistics if the goods are fast moving and needs to be replenished in shorter duration so that channel does not go dry ever. Answer 2 There are two kinds of promotional strategies in marketing management and they are known as push and pull kinds of strategies to enhance sales of product or services. Push strategy uses very little or no advertising to get the products in the hands of consumer. In a push strategy, the company deploys their sales force and myriads of trade promotional means and ways to create demand for its product. Trade shows are most suitable places to push the product to the buyer. Push strategy is good when product is new and does not enjoy any brand loyalty; the market is flooded with many substitute products. Push strategy is also good when impulsive and unplanned buying is quite prevalent in the given product category. Push strategy also works well when consumer is well aware about the product. Dish washing detergents and other low-value products are good examples of push strategy. A push strategy is employed to sell the products or services directly to the customers bypassing entire distribution channel. Accordingly, push strategy is very well used in selling insurance products too. The characteristic of pull strategy is that it is directed toward consumers using a lot of promotional efforts such as coupons, free samples, and contests. In fact, pull strategy relies on high spending on advertisement and promotional means to create high consumer demand. Pull strategy works best when it is possible to differentiate the product with high brand loyalty in the chosen field. Usually, consumer involvement is also high in this category of products. The best example that can be given for pull strategy is the marketing efforts put by Proctor & Gamble in the marketing of personal care products such as creams, shampoos, lotions, sanitary napkins by providing free samples and coupons. Answer 3 ‘Noise’ can be defined as when too many advertising messages arrive in the market place regarding a product confusing the buyers to make their buying decisions. Consumers terminate these messages as 'noise' because they do not get any reliable and meaningful information necessary for their buying decisions. It is important to identify the situation that what is being conveyed in the marketplace and how seriously consumers take these messages. Any further messaging in the similar line will not evolve any favorable results

The International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The International Business Environment - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in the present state of the global economic situation, the concept of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has attracted significant attention both domestically and globally. As such, FDI has been regarded as a vital element to consider in evaluating the economic development of countries around the world, particularly developing ones. Different empirical studies reveal that the relationships that prevail between economic development and FDI are multifaceted. From a macro aspect, FDI indicators represent high productivity, employment situation, technological spillovers, and competitiveness. For the less developed countries, FDI represents access to international currencies and markets, higher exports, and a source of financing. Research shows that FDI plays a vital role in promoting local firms. The efforts that countries make to help them attract FDIs result from the positive influences they have in an economy. FDI boosts productivity, tran sfer of technology, know-how, managerial skills, unemployment reduction, international production systems, and access to foreign markets. In this case, FDIs should be considered as ways of realizing technological spillovers, which have the significant contribution to the growth of an economy as opposed to the case of national investments. This practice leads to advanced technologies’ spillovers to local enterprises. Conversely, FDI has the potential of crowding out local firms, leading to negative impact on the economic development of a country. Various researchers stipulate that the positive effects associated with FDI are few and that most of the resulting effects are negative. Though FDI is associated with particular positive effects, the relationship that prevails between them and economic development are inconsistent. The potential negative or positive effects resulting from FDI on an economy are also dependent on the sectors nature, in which an investment will be carrie d out. For instance, the benefits of mining and agricultural sectors are limited.

What made the Soviet experiment work, and what did eventually lead to Essay

What made the Soviet experiment work, and what did eventually lead to its failure - Essay Example This paper has presented a comprehensive account of the cause of the revolution. It has described how, a rush into a new system with very little knowledge and experience, coupled with other factors such as; conflicts within the parties, and the civil war; led to the failure of the soviet experiment. There is a description of the soviet experiment. Also included is a description of capitalism and its integration with the Russian economy, as well as, a description of socialism and its compatibility to the Russian economy. There is also a discussion about the qualities of the revolutionary leaders that led to the success and failure of the experiment, conflict between the two parties that formed the revolution, the civil war, and the outcome that led to the abandonment of socialism. All these have been described with reference to examples from historical texts and documents.Before 1914, Russia was a country of great wealth considering the farmed land estates that it had. These lands wer e however, inadequately used and there were millions of peasant farmers that grew poorer by the day due to increased population of industrial works, and high rents imposed on them by the landlords. The state of the economy of Russia was not good because of a variety of factors. Russia had no domestic market for its industrial products. The country had built a railway to be used to export products, and also invested largely on foreign capital.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology in Intelligent Buildings & Research Paper

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology in Intelligent Buildings & Engineering - Research Paper Example In Intelligent Buildings & Engineering, Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Technology is primarily being used to provide an effective means of monitoring and analysis of various real-time data that can help enhance the operational efficiency and reduce costs and energy expenses of smart buildings thereby making them to be more comfortable, safe, and healthy as well as enhance the productivity of the occupants. Unlike multispectral imaging which normally deals with numerous images at discrete, narrow bands, Hyperspectral remote sensing is primarily based on narrow spectral bands produced over a continuous spectral range. This is critically important as it makes the images more detailed. One of the areas of intelligent building and engineering where hyoerspectral remote sensing imaging can be used is to make buildings safer and more comfortable by providing reliable geological and rock information, seismic and environmental data regarding the construction sites prior to the commencement of t he construction of the buildings. Generally, this is critically important in helping choose the appropriate building and engineering project designs as well as materials that best fit a particular geographical area.

Why and How are organizations out of Sync PT 2 Essay

Why and How are organizations out of Sync PT 2 - Essay Example The sole reason that resulted in one getting the given post can always lead us back to the type of manager on is. Basically, every person usually has a dream of being a boss one day and commanding other people to do their work. Once in managerial position, one can clearly see one that fits that position as having leadership qualities from the one who does not (Hickman, 2010). I believe that not all leaders are managers. It is possible to find someone who possesses leaders (Hickman, 2010)hip skills, but is not a manager. Leadership entails one who acts as a leader for others to follow. Leader commands respect and is held responsible for the other people’s affairs. Manager is people who are expected to have management skills in them. Though management and leadership go hand in hand, but in some cases may not. It is possible to have a manager who is not a leader and a leader who is not a manager (Hickman, 2010). In my personal experience while working in a certain private company, it happened that the manager in charge was a friend of the co-founder of the organization. Many workers in the company really disliked him as he always came up with rules to oppress the workers and make their lives in the company harder (Hickman, 2010). He always fired workers who annoyed him and knew that his actions were un-punishable. Looking at this example, this manager showed poor leadership skills (Hickman, 2010). He was unable to lead the people whom he was in charge and somehow abused his role as a manager for personal satisfaction. Leaders are people who place the desires of other people in front of themselves (Hickman, 2010). A true example of a leader is Mahatma Gandhi, who sacrificed his role as a prince to become a religious leader who had influence on the people. Leaders basically lead people towards a common goal, while managers are involved in organizing, controlling, planning

United States History Essay Example for Free

United States History Essay 1. Compare and contrast the U.S. experiences in World War I and World War II. War have become an inevitable part of the United States History. So far, the U.S. have engaged in numerous wars dating back to the civil war to the present Iraq war. However, it was in the First and Second World Wars that the U.S. had a major participation that resulted in the restoration of peace and order all over the globe. During World War I, the U. S. held a neutral stand for quite a long period during the early 1900s. At first, World War I was perceived by many Americans as a European conflict but when they realized that their economy and even the lives of some Americans were being adversely affected, they gradually shifted to a warring mode. At that time, U.S. economy was largely dependent on overseas trading but when the war broke out, it dramatically halted economic trading because they were no longer able to sell goods to other countries particularly to Britain and Germany. This event negatively influenced the economy of the United States. More so, the Americans became more agitated when the Germans attacked passenger ships that led to the death of numerous prominent Americans. However, it was the alliance between Mexico and Germany that triggered U.S. to be directly involved in the war because it imposed an imminent threat since Mexico was geographically close to American soil (Hardgrove United States Involvement in WWI). On the other hand, the U.S. participation to World War II had some similarities with their involvement during First World War. In both wars, U.S. started with a neutral stance but the intensity of their involvement in World War II was heightened because of the direct attack at Pearl Harbor. The entire period of WWI, U.S. was only at the sidelines that was carried on to the early part of WWII. At first, Americans aid was mostly confined at providing supplies to the allied forces through the Lend-Lease Act. But when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and Germany and Italy declared war against the Americans, U.S. launched a massive offensive alongside with the British and Russians in Europe and Asia (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia War comes to the United States). Clearly, U.S. involvement during World War II was more prevalent than in the First World War. Americans exhausted all their human and material resources during WWII to the point that it resulted to millions of casualties and thousands of deaths (Digital History Learn About World War II). 2. Explain how the Great Depression seemed to bring the U.S. to the brink of revolution and why you believe a revolution did or did not occur. The Great Depression was the time when the economy had an â€Å"immense disparity between U.S. productive capacity and the ability of Americans to consume.† At that time, the stock values at the New York Stock Exchange was at an all time low, many businesses have closed, several factories and banks have shut down. Also, there was a meager disposable income for an average American and the unemployment rate have catapulted ( Modern American Poetry The Depression in the United States). These were the economic consequences brought by the participation of the U.S. in WWI who became a â€Å"major creditor and financier of of postwar Europe.†Aside from the economic distress, depression also brought significant implications in the American political system. The presidential reign of Franklin Roosevelt allowed several modifications in the economy by increasing government regulation and massive public-works projects to facilitate rapid recovery. In spite of these initiatives, â⠂¬Å"mass unemployment and economic stagnation† persisted.( Modern American Poetry About the Great Depression) It seemed at this point that the Americans were already tired of waiting for the government to take bold actions in order for them to be instantaneously removed from the sinking hole of economic downfall. But the realization of the New Deal policies which focused on mitigating the effects of the depression and the outbreak of World War II have   hindered the possibility of having a revolt against the American government (Modern American Poetry The Depression in the United States). 3. How did World War II led to the Cold War and how was actual warfare between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. avoided while the two powers competed? Prior to the WWII, the U.S. had illustrated the Soviet Union as   an evil nation but during the war, the two became allies because of their common enemy which were the Germans. However, their alliance was filled with doubts and distrusts that became very apparent at the end of the war. Actually, Gen. Patton, an American General, expressed his desire to lead the Allied army against the Soviet Red Army. More so, many were agitated particularly Americans and British when Gen. Eisenhower, Supreme head of the Allied Command, conceded to the demand of Stalin that the Red Army would be the first to invade Berlin. America was threatened of Stalins vast and powerful Red Army, while the Russians were very cautious of U.S. advance weapons capabilities. This relationship facilitated the emergence of the Cold War (Trueman What was the Cold War). Because of the Cold War, the world was divided into three main groups. The West which is   comprised of democratic countries while the East was spearheaded by the Union which is composed of communist countries (GlobaSecurity.org Cold War). Since both nations acknowledged each others competencies in the field of war, they opted to have a cold war to prevent a massive catastrophe from happening. They were both afraid of each others nuclear weapons in which if used, it could destroy the whole human population. So instead of directly fighting, Russia and the U.S. agitated each other through other means such as by supporting â€Å"conflicts in various parts of the globe† and by setting up a propaganda war against each other (GlobaSecurity.org Cold War). Both the U.S. and the Soviet Union used client states to forward their indirect war against each other. These client states are countries who fought for the the Americans and Russians on their behalf. Such as in the case of North and South Vietnam and Afghanistan. Americans supplied the anti-communist South Vietnam with weapons when they were at war with Communist North Vietnam who was on the other hand used weapons from the Soviet Union. Also,Afghan rebels were helpe d by the Americans when the Russian invaded their country in 1979 (Trueman What was the Cold War). 4. Explain how motion pictures are documents of American culture and society. Films are useful tools in understanding a particular culture. More so, Hollywood have dominated the global industry of movie-making. It is because of their status as the most powerful country in the world that projected them to be the front runners in this field. Furthermore, since many admire the American way of life, American filmmakers used this opportunity to showcase the American culture through movies. From then on, numerous films   were made that had an American-theme. An example would be the movie Reality Bites. This film is about the dilemmas that most college graduates experience such as looking for work or determining their purpose in life. Also, it depicted the American modern yuppie life in an urban setting. Another example is the movie Titanic. It showed the economic disparity between the rich and the poor of the American society. Though the setting was multicultural, it focused mainly on two American characters who were separated in love because of their different social status. These are just few samples that depict the American culture and society. Some of the themes adapted showed the typical suburban family life, the X generation lifestyle which is defined by technological gadgets and invention of new colloquial terms and others. Also, it seems that movie goers are entertained and at the same time educated by these American-oriented films. Most of the motion pictures produced by Hollywood utilizes American culture, society and history to impart to audiences from within and outside the U.S. the richness and distinctness of their knowledge,   customs and civilization. More so, it is a subtle way of reinforcing their socio-economic and political status as a powerhouse nation.